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Gherardo
Carullo
IT

Full curriculum

Curriculum vitae

Full curriculum: education, academic appointments, professional experience, publications, teaching, conferences and software projects.

Publications

Monographs (2)

2022

Gherardo Carullo

L’amministrazione quale piattaforma di servizi digitali [Public administration as a platform of digital services]

Editoriale Scientifica, Napoli, 2022, 1-148

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The book deals with the provision of the so-called digital services by the Italian public administrations. In a context in which the Italian legislator increasingly requires administrations to make their services available through information and communication technologies, the book aims to identify a way to fulfill that duty alternative to self-production and to outsourcing through public tender. In particular, the analysis aims to define the legal model that, in the current legal and technological framework, can allow administrations to act as a platform through which private companies can co-participate in the provision of digital services. Finally, the most relevant profiles of judicial protection deriving from this model of action and organization are dealt with.

2017

Gherardo Carullo

Gestione, fruizione e diffusione dei dati dell’amministrazione digitale e funzione amministrativa [Management, use and dissemination of public sector data and administrative function]

Giappichelli, Torino, 2017, 1-275

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The volume explores the issue of public data and illustrates how the ever-increasing presence of digital technology influences the administrative function. The study is animated by a belief that we can easily share: that the omnipresence of data and databases and the interconnection of these deeply transform administrative functioning. The author then demonstrates that databases, understood as data containers, are public goods and the specific activities that develop around them are public services.

Edited volumes (2)

2020

Gherardo Carullo and Paolo Provenzano (Eds.)

Le Regioni alla prova della pandemia da COVID-19. Dalla Fase I alla Fase 3 [Regions to the test of the COVID-19 pandemic. From Phase I to Phase 3]

Editoriale Scientifica, Napoli, 2020, vol. I, II, 1-757

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The volumes analyze the measures adopted by the Regions and Autonomous Provinces of Trento and Bolzano to deal with the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus - also known as COVID-19 (acronym for COronaVIrus Disease 19) - from the beginning of the health crisis to at the end of September 2020. The chapters of the two volumes aim to put in order the measures adopted by each Region and by the autonomous Provinces of Trento and Bolzano, offering, in doing so, an analysis of the provisions contained therein. There are therefore also in-depth studies on some of the most relevant dogmatic issues, both pertaining to the regional legislation in itself, and in relation to national provisions.

2020

Benedetta Cappiello and Gherardo Carullo (Eds.)

Blockchain, Law and Governance

Springer, Cham, 2020, 1-303

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This volume explores from a legal perspective, how blockchain works. Perhaps more than ever before, this new technology requires us to take a multidisciplinary approach. The contributing authors, which include distinguished academics, public officials from important national authorities, and market operators, discuss and demonstrate how this technology can be a driver of innovation and yield positive effects in our societies, legal systems and economic/financial system. In particular, they present critical analyses of the potential benefits and legal risks of distributed ledger technology, while also assessing the opportunities offered by blockchain, and possible modes of regulating it. Accordingly, the discussions chiefly focus on the law and governance of blockchain, and thus on the paradigm shift that this technology can bring about.

Book chapters (15)

2025

Diana-Urania Galetta, Gherardo Carullo, Corso Tozzi Martelli

Art. 19

in Salvatore Cimini and Andrea Giordano (Eds.), Commentario al codice dei contratti pubblici, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, Napoli, 2025, 189-199

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The chapter analyzes the fundamental principles guiding the digitalization of the entire life cycle of public contracts, with particular focus on the protection of digital citizenship rights, technological neutrality, transparency, cybersecurity, and personal data protection. It examines the “once only” principle, which avoids duplication in data requests and promotes interoperability and administrative simplification. The chapter explores the obligation to conduct all procedural phases digitally, using platforms and open data formats in accordance with Decreto legislativo 7 marzo 2005, n. 82. It also highlights the required organizational and technical measures to ensure security and staff training, as well as the traceability and transparency of automated decision-making processes. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the supporting role of regions and autonomous provinces within the framework of the information coordination function set out in Article 117 of the Constitution.

2024

Gherardo Carullo

Dati sanitari, sistemi sanitari nazionali e riuso dei dati [Health data, national health systems and data reuse]

in Carlo Bottari, Pedro Juan Tárraga López, Josefa Cantero Martínez (Eds.), Sanità rurale e assistenza sanitaria decentrata, Editoriale Scientifica, Napoli, 2024, 401-420

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The chapter examines the increasing importance of data, specifically “Big Data”, in the healthcare sector and highlights the legal challenges and opportunities that arise from this. Through the analysis of three key aspects - the importance of data and artificial intelligence, the uniqueness of the European context, and the necessity for a public strategy for managing health data - the contribution aims to stimulate a debate on the need to develop effective strategies to exploit this precious and complex resource. In light of the proposed European Regulation on the European Health Data Space, the author emphasizes the need to carefully consider the management of health data, both to avoid potential conflicts or loss of data control, and to ensure the protection of citizens’ rights.

2022

Diana-Urania Galetta and Gherardo Carullo

Using Technology to Support Administrations in Controlling the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Past Problems and Future Perspectives

in Russell L. Weaver and Herwig C.H. Hofmann (Eds.), Digitalisation of Administrative Law and the Pandemic-Reaction, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Cambridge, 2022, 1-19

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Considering the restrictive measures adopted in Italy, as in many other countries, to contain the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, the authors analyse how technological tools can support controls on private activities; and how technological tools can effectively support the activities of public administrations. In this perspective, the authors’ attention focuses on some technological solutions used to help deal with the SARS-CoV-2 emergency, including the Immuni app created in 2020 by the Italian government. The author concludes that, to make such technological solutions truly effective, they must be widely spread among the population. Regarding the European rules on privacy and applying the principle of proportionality, the authors, therefore, investigate whether and under what conditions national authorities can impose the download of an app to citizens. The last paragraphs also account for the most recent developments related to the adoption of the EU Regulation of July 2021 on a framework for the issuance, verification and acceptance of COVID-19 Certificates.

2022

Diana-Urania Galetta and Gherardo Carullo

Using Technology to Support Administrations in Controlling the Sars-Cov-2 Pandemic

in Irena Lipowicz, Grażyna Szpor, Aleksandra Syrt (Eds.), Instruments of Public Law. Digital Transformation during the Pandemic, Routledge, London, 2022, 71-85

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Considering the restrictive measures adopted in Italy, as in many other countries, to contain the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, the authors analyse how technological tools can support controls on private activities; and how technological tools can effectively support the activities of public administrations. In this perspective, the authors’ attention focuses on some technological solutions used to help deal with the SARS-CoV-2 emergency, including the Immuni app created in 2020 by the Italian government. The author concludes that, to make such technological solutions truly effective, they must be widely spread among the population. Regarding the European rules on privacy and applying the principle of proportionality, the authors, therefore, investigate whether and under what conditions national authorities can impose the download of an app to citizens. The last paragraphs also account for the most recent developments related to the adoption of the EU Regulation of July 2021 on a framework for the issuance, verification and acceptance of COVID-19 Certificates.

2022

Gherardo Carullo

Accesso alla giustizia e processo amministrativo: la riduzione della distanza geografica e dei tempi grazie alla digitalizzazione [Access to justice and administrative trial: the reduction of geographical distance and of the length of the trial thanks to digitization]

in Chiara Amalfitano, Diana-Urania Galetta, Lorenza Violini (Eds.), Law, Justice and Sustainable Development. L’accesso alla giustizia nel quadro del SD Goal 16, Giappichelli, Torino, 2022, 37-59

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The contribution addresses the issue of access to justice, in the perspective of the sustainable development goal 16 of the United Nations. After a brief analysis of the territorial organization of Italian administrative justice, the author focuses on the innovations of the electronic administrative trial to assess to what extent it has facilitated access to justice. The contribution therefore evaluates what limits still exist in the electronic administrative trial in the perspective of reducing distances and, on the basis of these considerations, makes some proposals to mitigate the problem of excessive length of the trials.

2021

Diana-Urania Galetta and Gherardo Carullo

L’app Immuni quale requisito per lo svolgimento di attività a rischio di contagio? Una proposta per incentivare l’uso delle ICT nella lotta alla pandemia [The Immuni app as a requirement for carrying out activities at risk (of widespreading the contagion)? A proposal to encourage the use of ICT in the fight against the pandemic]

in Giacomo Balduzzi and Alessia Monica (Eds.), Amministrazioni e digitalizzazione nella pandemia, Key Editore, Milano, 2021, 77-103

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In light of the numerous restrictive measures adopted in Italy, as in many other countries, to contain the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, the authors examine the terms with which the use of the “App Immuni” could be qualified as a legitimate condition for carrying out activities at risk of infection. Digital contact tracing could give greater effectiveness to the measures taken to contain the epidemic and, therefore, lead to a better calibration of the limitations to personal freedoms. In this perspective, the authors’ attention is focused on analyzing the functioning of the app Immuni, especially in view of protecting personal data and in light of the analysis of the relevant European standards, also analyzed through the prism of the principle of proportionality.

2021

Gherardo Carullo

Trattamento di dati personali da parte delle pubbliche amministrazioni e natura del rapporto giuridico con l’interessato [Processing of personal data by public administrations and nature of the legal relationship with the data subject]

in Scritti per Franco Gaetano Scoca, Editoriale Scientifica, Napoli, 2021, 645-674

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The chapter examines the nature of the legal relationship between the data subject and the public administration following the forced processing of personal data by the latter. To this end, it is first of all analyzed in what terms Regulation 2016/679/EU can be applied to cases where a public authority processes personal data in the exercise of authoritative powers. Given the applicability of the Regulation also to these cases, the special provisions, or in any case derogations, applicable to these cases are examined, including the national ones implementing the Regulation. Considering this regulatory framework, the legal relationship between the data subject and the public administration is framed within the Italian definition of legitimate interest. In the conclusions, the Author proposes some final thoughts on the usefulness of this figure, and on its persistent actuality in the light of European law.

2021

Gherardo Carullo

Interoperabilità dei dati e riflessi organizzativi: il caso della conservazione digitale [Data interoperability and organizational matters: the case of storing digital documents]

in Roberto Cavallo Perin (Ed.), L’amministrazione pubblica con i big data: da Torino un dibattito sull’intelligenza artificiale, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, 2021, 251-259

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The article reconstructs the notion of interoperability of IT systems, starting from its regulatory evolution up to the definition offered by Legislative Decree 82 of 2005 (Digital Administration Code), which enhances the use of public and open interfaces as a working and management tool for interorganic, intersubjective and private relationships. Starting from a practical case represented by the SInCRO technical standard for digitally storing documents, the article highlights the contradictions of such system, where the promotion of the interoperability of open and accessible IT systems, clashes with the proprietary character of the technical standards (SInCRO) required by the legislator.

2020

Gherardo Carullo

The Role of Blockchain in the Public Sector: An Overview

in Benedetta Cappiello and Gherardo Carullo (Eds.), Blockchain, Law and Governance, Springer, Cham, 2020, 43-57

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The chapter examines what utility and what functions blockchain can have in the public sector. Having given some thoughts on the underlying objections that could be made to the use of blockchain in the public sector, the author analyses some of the fundamental elements of data management, starting from the notion of database. Having therefore described what are the functional processes for data management in the public sector, the author illustrates which features and functionality of the blockchain could be useful in the public sector. Some potential uses of blockchain technology are therefore described.

2020

Benedetta Cappiello and Gherardo Carullo

Introduction: The Challenges and Opportunities of Blockchain Technologies

in Benedetta Cappiello and Gherardo Carullo (Eds.), Blockchain, Law and Governance, Springer, Cham, 2020, 1-9

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Introduction to the volume Blockchain, Law and Governance.

2019

Gherardo Carullo

Artificial intelligence in smart cities for a dynamic and adaptive governance model

in Jean-Bernard Auby (Ed.), Le futur du droit administratif / the future of administrative law, LexisNexis, Paris, 2019, 363-374

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The paper analyses the ways in which digitalization of public administration can lead to more data-driven governance in smart-cities. After a brief overview of the multiple meanings of “smart-cities”, the notion of territorial governance is briefly presented. The paper then goes on to discuss the extent to which digital tools can be applied to direct the actions and decisions of public authorities towards more informed and measurable results, and thus maximize not only the final output of public entities, but also their ability to adapt and amend decisions in a timely manner thanks to artificial intelligence.

2018

Gherardo Carullo

Strumenti di gestione del territorio e promozione della sostenibilità da parte dell’amministrazione digitale [Territorial management tools and promotion of sustainability by digital administrations]

in Valerio Bini, Alice Dal Borgo, Cristiana Fiamingo (Eds.), Città sostenibili, Edizioni Altravista, Broni, 2018, 103-118

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The paper analyses how the principles and criteria of sustainable development can be applied within the technical-discretionary choices of public administrations in defining urban planning instruments, as well as in relation to the general management of the territory.

2018

Gherardo Carullo

Government in the digital era: can we do more with less?

in Jacques Ziller and Diana Urania Galetta (Eds.), Information and Communication Technologies Challenging Public Law, beyond Data Protection. Atti del 12° congresso annuale della Societas Iuris Publici Europaei (SIPE), Milano, 25-27 maggio 2017, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden, 2018, 143-152

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The article deals with the role of interoperability in the process of digitizing public administrations. After a brief illustration of the advantages that the introduction of information and communications technology (ICT) tools can bring also in the public sector, the author assesses in what terms the technical concept of interoperability can be acquired in the legal categories of administrative law. To do this, a brief reconstruction of the technical notion of interoperability is first offered and then the role of interoperability in defining the ICT strategies of administrations is then evaluated. Taking advantage of the example offered by the Microsoft v. Commission case, the author investigates what consequences there may be when IT systems are not interoperable to conclude then by exposing the role of the administrative cooperation principle in choosing ITC solutions for PA.

2016

Diana Urania Galetta and Gherardo Carullo

Gestione dei servizi pubblici locali e in house providing: novità, auspici e scenari futuri in una prospettiva di de-frammentazione del sistema [Management of local public services and in-house providing: news, possible and future scenarios in a perspective of de-fragmentation of the system]

in Maurizio Cafagno and Francesco Manganaro (Eds.), A 150 anni dall’unificazione amministrativa italiana. L’intervento pubblico nell’economia, Firenze University Press, Firenze, 2016, 349-372

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The Article deals with the in-house providing, as a management tool for services of general economic interest of local scope. After an overview of the applicable primary European law, it is briefly revisited the case law that has defined the notion of in-house providing. The requirement according to which it is necessary to exercise a control similar to that exercised over the controller’s own departments is in particular examined. The paper deals then with the changes introduced by the most recent European Directives. Finally, some interesting conclusions are drawn on the role of the in-house providing in the current national legislation.

2016

Gherardo Carullo

Prime riflessioni in merito alle “nuove” eccezioni relative agli «appalti e le concessioni tra enti nell’ambito del settore pubblico», alla luce della “vecchia” giurisprudenza sull’in house [First thoughts on the "new" exceptions on the «contracts and concessions between institutions in the public sector», in light of the "old" case-law on in-house providing]

in Emilio Castorina (Ed.), Servizi pubblici, diritti fondamentali, costituzionalismo europeo, Editoriale Scientifica, Napoli, 2016, 271-283

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The article reproduces the speech at the seminar on the topic "European Integration, public services and fundamental rights", during which the Author has expressed some preliminary thoughts on the innovations introduced on the in-house requirements set by the new European Directives on public procurements. The seminar was organized by the Jean Monnet Chair of Prof. Emilio Castorina, which is focused on “public services, fundamental rights and European constitutionalism”, and took place in Catania, at the Department of Law (Villa Cerami) January 31, 2014.

Textbooks (5)

2026

Gherardo Carullo

Public Administration for Sustainable Development

Editoriale Scientifica, Napoli, 2026, 1-193

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This book explores the role of public administration in advancing sustainable development within contemporary systems of governance. It examines how administrative law operates in a context shaped by the twin transition of digital transformation and environmental sustainability, where public institutions must implement politically defined objectives under conditions of technological change, ecological constraints, and economic interdependence. The analysis develops a systematic account of administrative governance in multi-level legal systems, with particular attention to the European Union. It discusses the organization of public bodies, the nature of administrative powers and decision-making processes, and the fundamental principles guiding administrative action, including subsidiarity, proportionality, transparency, and the right to good administration. Building on this framework, the book addresses key domains of contemporary governance, including essential public services and EU competition law, environmental regulation and its core principles, and the growing role of digital technologies, data, and artificial intelligence in administrative decision-making. It argues that sustainable governance depends on strengthening the capacity of public administrations to act lawfully, rationally, and effectively within the limits of the rule of law.

2025

Gherardo Carullo

I «servizi digitali»: nozione e significato [“Digital services”: concept and meaning]

in Roberto Cavallo Perin and Diana-Urania Galetta (Eds.), Il Diritto dell’Amministrazione Pubblica digitale, 2nd ed., Giappichelli, Torino, 2025, ch. VI, 177-188

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2025

Gherardo Carullo

Dati, banche dati e interoperabilità dei sistemi informatici nel settore pubblico [Data, databases and interoperability of IT systems in the public sector]

in Roberto Cavallo Perin and Diana-Urania Galetta (Eds.), Il Diritto dell’Amministrazione Pubblica digitale, 2nd ed., Giappichelli, Torino, 2025, ch. IX, 257-268

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2020

Gherardo Carullo

Dati, banche dati, blockchain e interoperabilità dei sistemi informatici nel settore pubblico [Data, databases, blockchain and interoperability of IT systems in the public sector]

in Roberto Cavallo Perin and Diana Urania Galetta (Eds.), Il Diritto dell’Amministrazione Pubblica digitale, Giappichelli, Torino, 2020, 191-221

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The chapter addresses the issue of the use of data in public administrations, analyzing and explaining how this new tool can allow a renewed cognitive capacity on the part of public subjects. The chapter therefore also addresses the issue of data storage, conservation and use, also evaluating how new technologies such as blockchain can contribute to the development of new paradigms in the management of public information.

2020

Gherardo Carullo

Gestione e scambio dei dati del settore pubblico nel contesto dell’unione europea [Management and exchange of public sector data in the context of the European union]

in Diana Urania Galetta (Ed.), Diritto amministrativo nell'Unione europea, 2nd ed., Giappichelli, Torino, 2020, 135-154

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The chapter deals with the issue of the exchange of information between public administrations, both national and European, in the light of the main European legislation on this point. Given some fundamental notions, such as the difference between the concept of data and that of information and the notion of open data and machine readable formats, the chapter deals in particular with the re-use of public sector information according to the provisions of Directive 2019/1024/EU, as well as some examples on the exchange of data between national and European administrations. Lastly, the chapter also deals with the relevance of Regulation 2016/679/EU in relation to the phenomena of information exchange between administrations.

Articles and case notes (45)

2024

Gherardo Carullo

Dati personali e fini pubblici: dubbi di compatibilità europea del Codice Privacy [Personal data and public powers: European compatibility concerns regarding the Italian privacy code]

CERIDAP, no. 3, pp. 37-52

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The article analyses the conditions of lawfulness of the processing of personal data applicable to public administration in the exercise of their functions, in light of European and national legislation. The contribution suggests that the Italian legislation may not be compatible with European law. The Italian approach is to authorise the processing and exchange of personal data between public authorities whenever necessary for the pursuit of institutional purposes. By contrast, EU law requires a criterion of proportionality between the processing of data and the public purposes pursued.

2023

Francesco Sanmarchi, Andrea Bucci, Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese, Gherardo Carullo, Fabrizio Toscano, Nicola Nante, Davide Golinelli

A step-by-step researcher's guide to the use of an AI-based transformer in epidemiology: an exploratory analysis of ChatGPT using the STROBE checklist for observational studies

Journal of Public Health, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1761-1796

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2023

Gherardo Carullo

La nozione di servizi digitali: un nuovo paradigma per la pubblica amministrazione [The notion of digital services: a new paradigm for public administration]

Istituzioni del federalismo, no. 2, pp. 335-355

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This paper examines the notion of digital services in Italian legislation. The analysis distinguishes three categories of digital services: bureaucratic online services, services of an economic nature, and instrumental activities not qualifying as public services, outlining their content. In conclusion, the article highlights the importance of digitalization in modernizing and improving the efficiency of public administrations, as well as transforming the methods of service delivery and interaction with citizens.

2023

Gherardo Carullo

Dati sanitari, sistemi sanitari nazionali e riuso dei dati [Health data, national health systems and data reuse]

Sanità pubblica e privata, no. 3, pp. 19-24

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The article examines the growing importance of data, particularly 'Big Data,' in the healthcare sector and highlights the challenges and opportunities that arise from it. Through the analysis of three key aspects – the importance of data and artificial intelligence, the uniqueness of the European context, and the need for a public strategy for the management of health data – the contribution aims to stimulate a debate on the necessity to develop effective strategies for exploiting this valuable and complex resource. Also in light of the proposed European Regulation on the European Health Data Space, the Author emphasizes the need for careful consideration of the management of health data, both to avoid potential conflicts or loss of control over data, and to ensure the protection of citizens' rights.

2023

Gherardo Carullo

Large Language Models for Transparent and Intelligible AI-Assisted Public Decision-Making

CERIDAP, no. 3, pp. 1-23

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This paper examines the implementation of artificial intelligence in decision-making processes within public administration, with a focus on addressing the challenges of transparency, accountability, and the intelligibility of AI-generated decisions. The paper discusses the importance of imputability in decisions made with deep learning algorithms. It emphasizes that by granting public administrations full control over the training dataset, source code, and knowledge base, the imputability of the decision can be ensured. This control enables administrations to validate the relevancy and accuracy of the algorithm's training data, address potential biases, and comply with legal and ethical requirements. The paper then proposes the use of Large Language Models (LLM) as a solution to enhance the transparency and motivation behind AI-assisted decisions. It highlights that LLMs can generate articulate and comprehensible textual outputs that closely resemble human-generated decisions, allowing for a deeper understanding of the decision-making process. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the significance of providing access to the training dataset, source code, and individual administrative precedents to enhance transparency and accountability. It argues that by offering these components, stakeholders can evaluate the validity and reliability of AI-assisted decisions, fostering trust in the decision-making process.

2023

Gherardo Carullo

Piattaforme digitali e interconnessione informativa nel nuovo Codice dei Contratti Pubblici [Digital platforms and information interconnection in the new Italian Public Contracts Code]

Federalismi.it, no. 19, pp. 110-127

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This article analyzes the implications of digitization and interoperability introduced by the new Italian Public Contracts Code, with particular emphasis on the “once only principle” and the importance of digital procurement platforms. The article also examines the central role of the National Anti-Corruption Authority (ANAC) in managing the National Database of Public Contracts and the challenges associated with integrating and ensuring interoperability among different information systems. The concluding remarks highlight the importance of public-private collaboration, of the harmonization of regulations and procedures at the European level, and the continuous evaluation of technological solutions and policies adopted to ensureefficiency, transparency, and equal treatment of economic operators.

2021

Gherardo Carullo

Decisione amministrativa e intelligenza artificiale [Administrative decision and artificial intelligence]

Diritto dell'informazione e dell'informatica, no. 3, pp. 431-461

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The article analyzes how artificial intelligence (AI) impacts the administrative decision, in particular in terms of the imputability of the choice and its motivation. The analysis first takes into consideration the different types of AI available today, distinguishing those based on conditional logic and those based on machine learning and deep learning techniques. The paper then continues by assessing, separately for each, how the imputability and motivation of the decision adopted by AI can be configured. In light of this analysis, the article evaluates how art. 22 of Regulation 2016/679/EU (GDPR) may limit the use of AI systems in the public sector. The author then focuses on whether or not a specific rule must allow to use of AI systems by public administrations. In the conclusions, the Author finally suggests how the use of these technologies could be implemented to make it more acceptable by citizens.

2021

Gherardo Carullo

Accesso alla giustizia e processo amministrativo: la riduzione della distanza geografica e dei tempi grazie alla digitalizzazione [Access to justice and administrative trial: the reduction of geographical distance and of the length of the trial thanks to digitization]

CERIDAP, no. 4, pp. 1-23

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The contribution addresses the issue of access to justice, in the perspective of the sustainable development goal 16 of the United Nations. After a brief analysis of the territorial organization of Italian administrative justice, the author focuses on the innovations of the electronic administrative trial to assess to what extent it has facilitated access to justice. The contribution therefore evaluates what limits still exist in the electronic administrative trial in the perspective of reducing distances and, on the basis of these considerations, makes some proposals to mitigate the problem of excessive length of the trials.

2021

Gherardo Carullo

Il Consiglio di Stato conferma l’annullamento della delibera di integrazione societaria tra A2A e AEB [The Council of State confirms the annulment of the corporate integration resolution between A2A and AEB]

CERIDAP, no. 3, pp. 187-196

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The Council of State confirmed the illegality of the resolution of the Municipality of Seregno which approved a complex corporate integration project between its subsidiary and A2A S.p.A.. The judgment is particularly interesting for two reasons. Firstly, it is confirmed that a public tender must be carried out in circumstances such as those of the present case, and secondly, it remains to be seen what consequences the ruling will have on the operation.

2021

Gherardo Carullo

Annullamento della Delibera di approvazione della cessione del controllo di una società in-house e sorte dell’operazione societaria già realizzata [Annument of the resolution approving the transfer of control of an in-house company and consequences on the corporate transaction already carried out]

Rivista Italiana di Diritto Pubblico Comunitario, no. 5-6, pp. 847-858

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The Regional Administrative Court of Lombardia declared the illegality of the resolution of the Municipality of Seregno which approved a complex corporate integration project between its subsidiary and A2A S.p.A.. The judgment is particularly interesting for two reasons. Firstly, it is confirmed that a public tender must be carried out in circumstances such as those of the present case, and secondly, it remains to be seen what consequences the ruling will have on the operation.

2021

Gherardo Carullo

Malfunzionamenti nella prenotazione telematica del vaccino: il risultato prevedibile di affidamenti in-house [Malfunctions in the telematic booking of the covid vaccine: the unsurprising result of in-house providing]

CERIDAP, no. 2, pp. 191-198

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The contribution analyzes some critical issues in the procedures for entrusting the implementation of telematic booking systems for anti covid-19 vaccines. In particular, the Author emphasizes how the assignment to in-house companies has been unsuccessful. The Author also criticizes the choice of not reusing software solutions already developed for other public administrations. The comment concludes suggesting that the health emergency in progress should rather have led to make the best of the support that private operators could provide.

2020

Erik Boetto, Davide Golinelli, Gherardo Carullo, Maria Pia Fantini

Frauds in scientific research and how to possibly overcome them

Journal of Medical Ethics, vol. 47, no. 12, e19

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2020

Diana Urania Galetta and Gherardo Carullo

L’app Immuni quale requisito per lo svolgimento di attività a rischio di contagio? Una proposta per incentivare l’uso delle ICT nella lotta alla pandemia [The Immuni app as a requirement for carrying out activities at risk (of widespreading the contagion)? A proposal to encourage the use of ICT in the fight against the pandemic]

CERIDAP, no. 4, pp. 124-153

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Abstract +
In light of the numerous restrictive measures adopted in Italy, as in many other countries, to contain the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, the authors examine the terms with which the use of the “App Immuni” could be qualified as a legitimate condition for carrying out activities at risk of infection. Digital contact tracing could give greater effectiveness to the measures taken to contain the epidemic and, therefore, lead to a better calibration of the limitations to personal freedoms. In this perspective, the authors’ attention is focused on analyzing the functioning of the app Immuni, especially in view of protecting personal data and in light of the analysis of the relevant European standards, also analyzed through the prism of the principle of proportionality.

2020

Gherardo Carullo and Christian Ernst

Data Storage by Public Administrations

European Public Law, no. 3, pp. 545-568

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The paper addresses the issue of data storage by public administrations. After a brief introduction on the notion of data and the way in which data has become relevant for public authorities, the analysis focuses on the idea that data can be treated as a network industry, and that the data storage phase is an important part of the data supply chain. The paper underlines the fact that the collection and use of data by public authorities must be regulated by law, and that such data is strictly connected with the public task for which it was collected. On such basis, the paper discusses the principle of digital sovereignty, according to which data storage may not leave the public sphere of control and access to public data centres may not be granted, no matter how they are designed.

2020

Gherardo Carullo

Trattamento di dati personali da parte delle pubbliche amministrazioni e natura del rapporto giuridico con l’interessato [Processing of personal data by public administrations and nature of the legal relationship with the data subject]

Rivista Italiana di Diritto Pubblico Comunitario, no. 1-2, pp. 131-163

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The article examines the nature of the legal relationship between the data subject and the public administration following the forced processing of personal data by the latter. To this end, it is first of all analyzed in what terms Regulation 2016/679/EU can be applied to cases where a public authority processes personal data in the exercise of authoritative powers. Given the applicability of the Regulation also to these cases, the special provisions, or in any case derogations, applicable to these cases are examined, including the national ones implementing the Regulation. Considering this regulatory framework, the legal relationship between the data subject and the public administration is framed within the Italian definition of legitimate interest. In the conclusions, the Author proposes some final thoughts on the usefulness of this figure, and on its persistent actuality in the light of European law.

2020

Gherardo Carullo and Alessia Monica

Le concessioni demaniali marittime nel mercato europeo dei servizi: la rilevanza del contesto locale e le procedure di aggiudicazione [State-owned maritime concessions in the European services market: the relevance of the local context and award procedures]

Federalismi, no. 26, pp. 24-50

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The article proposes a new method for determining the criteria for awarding state-owned maritime concessions. In light of the rationale of the national legislation on public goods, and within the European legal framework, the authors underline the need to enhance the role that state-owned maritime assets have in defining the cultural identity of the tourist resorts of the Italian coasts. This is also due to the fact that the information society makes the tourism market progressively more transparent and competitive, so that the differentiation of services provided to the public increasingly assumes a decisive, if not essential, character of the offering.

2020

Gherardo Carullo

Principio di neutralità tecnologica e progettazione dei sistemi informatici della pubblica amministrazione [Principle of technological neutrality and design of public administration IT systems]

Ciberspazio e Diritto, no. 1, pp. 33-48

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The acquisition of the digital tools necessary for the functioning and support of the activities of public administrations introduces new variables starting from the very moment of identifying the means to be used. The choice towards certain solutions excludes the use of others, even if technically equivalent, and can substantially constrain the downstream options. To deal with these issues, the legislator has indicated a series of criteria and principles for the development, acquisition and reuse of IT systems in public administrations. However, these criteria do not appear to be exhaustive of the needs to be met, especially in relation to the definition of the strategic lines of development and in function of the long-term planning. However, the article highlights some critical aspects of the current system, especially as regards coordination between administrations and in relation to the guarantees of independence of some key technical bodies. The author therefore proposes the use of the tools of public procurement for the conception and design of the IT systems of administrations.

2020

Gherardo Carullo

Diritto all’oblio e dovere di provvedere delle pubbliche amministrazioni [Right to be forgotten and duty to act of public administrations]

EuroJus, Fascicolo speciale “Mercato Unico Digitale, dati personali e diritti fondamentali”

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The article examines the consequences for the public administration of a request for deletion of data submitted pursuant to article 17 of Regulation 2016/679/EU (GDPR) in relation to cases in which the processing of personal data takes place on the legal basis provided by article 6, paragraph 1, lett. e) of the GDPR. After analyzing the conditions of applicability of the GDPR to these cases, the Author examines the legal relationship that derives from it, to conclude that in these cases there is an obligation to adopt a motivated decision pursuant to Article 2, paragraph 1, of Law 241/1990.

2020

Benedetta Cappiello, Gherardo Carullo, Marco Pagani, Mariaelena Attardo

Il finanziamento delle opere pubbliche con la tecnologia blockchain: nuove forme di collaborazione pubblico-privato per una più efficace raccolta fondi bottom-up ed una più effettiva partecipazione della popolazione [Financing public works with blockchain technology: new forms of public-private collaboration for a more effective bottom-up fundraising and a more effective participation of the population]

CERIDAP, no. 2, pp. 1-26

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The article proposes new forms of participation and financing of public works that ensure the involvement of the population thanks to the solutions made possible by blockchain. The contribution starts from the consideration that the financing of public initiatives affects administrations and citizens closely, both as users and as taxpayers. The city is thus understood as an innovation laboratory, where virtuous solutions can be experimented and implemented while maintaining a close connection to the population. To this end, concrete solutions are proposed for innovative, traceable and sustainable financing of public infrastructures, activated with the new tools developed on blockchain technology.

2020

Davide Golinelli, Erik Boetto, Gherardo Carullo, Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese, Maria Paola Landini, Maria Pia Fantini

Adoption of Digital Technologies in Health Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Review of Early Scientific Literature

Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 22, no. 11, e22280

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is favoring digital transitions in many industries and in society as a whole. Health care organizations have responded to the first phase of the pandemic by rapidly adopting digital solutions and advanced technology tools. Objective: The aim of this review is to describe the digital solutions that have been reported in the early scientific literature to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on individuals and health systems. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of early COVID-19–related literature (from January 1 to April 30, 2020) by searching MEDLINE and medRxiv with appropriate terms to find relevant literature on the use of digital technologies in response to the pandemic. We extracted study characteristics such as the paper title, journal, and publication date, and we categorized the retrieved papers by the type of technology and patient needs addressed. We built a scoring rubric by cross-classifying the patient needs with the type of technology. We also extracted information and classified each technology reported by the selected articles according to health care system target, grade of innovation, and scalability to other geographical areas. Results: The search identified 269 articles, of which 124 full-text articles were assessed and included in the review after screening. Most of the selected articles addressed the use of digital technologies for diagnosis, surveillance, and prevention. We report that most of these digital solutions and innovative technologies have been proposed for the diagnosis of COVID-19. In particular, within the reviewed articles, we identified numerous suggestions on the use of artificial intelligence (AI)–powered tools for the diagnosis and screening of COVID-19. Digital technologies are also useful for prevention and surveillance measures, such as contact-tracing apps and monitoring of internet searches and social media usage. Fewer scientific contributions address the use of digital technologies for lifestyle empowerment or patient engagement. Conclusions: In the field of diagnosis, digital solutions that integrate with traditional methods, such as AI-based diagnostic algorithms based both on imaging and clinical data, appear to be promising. For surveillance, digital apps have already proven their effectiveness; however, problems related to privacy and usability remain. For other patient needs, several solutions have been proposed, such as telemedicine or telehealth tools. These tools have long been available, but this historical moment may actually be favoring their definitive large-scale adoption. It is worth taking advantage of the impetus provided by the crisis; it is also important to keep track of the digital solutions currently being proposed to implement best practices and models of care in future and to adopt at least some of the solutions proposed in the scientific literature, especially in national health systems, which have proved to be particularly resistant to the digital transition in recent years.

2020

Gherardo Carullo

Digitalizzazione dei controlli ai tempi del coronavirus [Digitization of controls at the time of the coronavirus]

CERIDAP, no. 1, pp. 7-15

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Due to the coronavirus emergency, public authorities are faced with the unprecedented challenge of ensuring that the entire national population complies with the measures to contain the pandemic. Against the very high number of checks to be carried out, and the limited resources available to the police, the contribution examines how technology can be a valid support in the activities of administrations.

2019

Gherardo Carullo

Open Data e partecipazione democratica [Open Data and democratic participation]

Istituzioni del federalismo, no. 3, pp. 685-700

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This paper deals with the ways in which a new form of participation within the exercise of administrative functions can be achieved thanks to the tools offered by information and communication technologies. In this perspective, this paper assesses the normative scope of the «electronic democratic participation» referred to in art. 9 of the Digital Administration Code, as well as in relation to the regulation of open data and in light of the relevance that the data have assumed in the context of administrative procedures. With respect to the participation referred to in l. 241/1990, the Author suggests that the «electronic democratic participation» can be a tool for the co-creation and enrichment of the databases of public administrations.

2019

Gherardo Carullo

Elezione del domicilio digitale per la ricezione di notifiche di atti giudiziari: dubbi in relazione alla diversa disciplina dettata per i privati e per le pubbliche amministrazioni [Election of the digital domicile for the receipt of notices of judicial documents: doubts in relation to the different rules laid down for private individuals and for public administrations]

Diritto Processuale Amministrativo, no. 1, pp. 228-260

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The article deals with the issue of the identification of the valid certified email addresses for notifying judicial documents, with particular attention to existing instruments. The analysis starts from the analysis of the case law from which the difficulties in identifying the correct address for the notification of judicial documents to public administrations have emerged. After a brief description of the procedural consequences deriving from this error in the notification, the Author sets out the regulations governing the identification of the certified email addresses valid for notification purposes, also highlighting the legislative process that led to the current structure. The differences in the regulations concerning the addresses of public administrations with respect to private parties are then evaluated, assessing the justification of the differences found. In light of these findings, the Author proposes in conclusion the abolition of the ReGIndE, also in light of its incompleteness.

2018

Davide Golinelli, Fabrizio Toscano, Andrea Bucci, Gherardo Carullo, Gabriele Messina, Maria Pia Fantini

Transferring Health Big Data between public and private companies within the European Legal Framework [Abstract at the 11th European Public Health Conference: Parallel Programme]

European Journal of Public Health, vol. 28, suppl. 4

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2018

Fabrizio Toscano, Eloise O’Donnell, Mark Unruh, Davide Golinelli, Gherardo Carullo, Gabriele Messina, Lawrence Peter Casalino

Electronic health records implementation: can the European Union learn from the United States? [Abstract at the 11th European Public Health Conference: Parallel Programme]

European Journal of Public Health, vol. 28, suppl. 4, pp. 137-138

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Key messages: - Lessons can be learned from the US experience of implementing EHR technologies. - Patients are concerned over their privacy when health information is exchanged electronically.

2018

Davide Golinelli, Fabrizio Toscano, Andrea Bucci, Gherardo Carullo

Transferring Health Big Data within the European Legal Framework: What Role for National Healthcare Services?

Journal of Law and Medicine, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 488-493

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The main objective of this article is to describe the legal principles governing the selection by European public authorities, such as National Health Services (NHS) of third parties, when entering into agreements for the transfer of health data. According to Directive 2003/98/EC, and in light of the provisions of the Treaties of the European Union, the choice as to how a public authority makes its data available to third parties needs to be transparent, non-discriminatory and may not in any case benefit a specific company at the expense of others. For this reason, we maintain that a hypothetical agreement by which a public authority grants exclusive access to a large amount of health data to a private company selected with non-transparent criteria appears highly questionable. We advocate that the NHS should adopt more appropriate data policies aimed at promoting the sustainability of the NHS, following the legal framework analysed in this article.

2018

Gherardo Carullo

Strumenti di gestione del territorio e promozione della sostenibilità da parte dell’amministrazione digitale [Territorial management tools and promotion of sustainability by digital administrations]

Ambiente e Diritto, no. 9, pp. 1-19

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The aim of the paper is to analyse how the principles and criteria of sustainable development can be applied within the technical-discretionary choices of public administrations in defining urban planning instruments, as well as in relation to the general management of the territory. With this in mind, it is necessary to first understand the extent to which sustainable development is already present in the administrative law institutes, as for example for the Strategic Environmental Assessment referred to in Legislative Decree 152/2006, and to what extent it is appropriate to re-read the legal instruments provided to the Administrations with a view to sustainable development that goes beyond the environmental dimension. Consistent with the idea that administrative activity is subject to increasing technicality, the decisions that the Administration is called upon to take to design - or redesign - urban development can be today accompanied by new assessments that, even using measurable data on the impact of each option, can lead to maximizing solutions not only the public interest, but also the sustainability of the result pursued, also intended as primary interest. Consider, for example, the definition of the urban displacement modalities, in a macro perspective that includes the study of the road network, the intermodal public transport, and actions to promote zero impact movement measures, such as the construction and expansion of cycle paths, or the stimulation of services such as the cd bike sharing. In this context, the goal is to provide the Administration with tools that bind the action towards a final result maximizing the sustainability of the choice, not only in environmental terms, but also - and above all - in view of the repercussions on the quality of life of administered, external flows (e.g. tourism) and productivity.

2017

Gherardo Carullo

Nuove insidie nel Processo Amministrativo Telematico: standard di firma digitale e validità della notifica [New pitfalls in the Telematic Administrative Process: digital signature standards and notification validity]

Giustamm.it, no. 4, pp. 1-11

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The article examines a recent contrast found in the administrative case law. The contrast concerns the validity of the notification of an act signed with the CAdES standard, rather than the PAdES one provided by the technical specifications for the implementation of the Telematic Administrative Process.
Having analyzed the technical rules on which the two different solutions adopted by the judgments are based - the non-existence of the notification and the mere irregularity of it - the Author concludes by pointing to the possibility of classifying that irregularity as a mere vice in relation to the proof of the notification.

2016

Gherardo Carullo

Il paradosso della Brexit: il Regno Unito è al contempo dentro e fuori l’Unione Europea [The Brexit paradox: the United Kingdom is both within and outside the European Union]

EuroJus.it, pp. 1-8

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In the light of the outcome of the referendum of 23 June 2016 in which the British people has indicated the desire to leave the European Union, the essay aims to verify the possibility for the European Union to use the procedure referred to in Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union in the event of unnecessary delay by the United Kingdom in activating the process of withdrawal from the Union provided for in Article 50 of the Treaty.

2016

Gherardo Carullo

Big Data e pubblica amministrazione nell’era delle banche dati interconnesse [Big Data and public administrations in the era of interconnected databases]

Concorrenza e mercato, vol. 23, pp. 181-204

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The article deals with data held by public administrations. In particular, it investigates the nature such data acquires once it is stored in digital databases. The analysis takes into consideration the databases that are not freely accessible by the public, but those which, vice versa, contain personal data on citizens, that are now the subject to intense regulation mandating multiple administrations to interconnect their own databases with one another.
After a brief overview of the main benefits that digitization can bring to the public sector, and, more broadly, citizens and businesses, the Author warns of the perils that an increased interconnection of public databases may bring about, by providing some examples of recent legislative measures.
The analysis then focuses on some of the most significant rules on public databases and, above all, on the ways in which the access to information held by public bodies is regulated by other public administrations. The Author finally draws some conclusions regarding the limits that can be identified for the protection of the citizens-users, with respect to the exchange of data between public administrations.

2016

Gherardo Carullo

Responsabilidad contable en Italia de los funcionarios públicos y de los administradores en las sociedades contratistas mediante in house providing: distinciones entre el activo de la empresa y los recursos públicos [Accounting responsibilities in Italy for public officials and administrators of in house companies: distinctions between the assets of the company and public resources]

Foro, Nueva época, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 293-313

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The article deals with the accounting responsibilities of directors and public officials with an oversight role with respect to in-house companies. The article first analyses the case law of the Italian Corte di Cassazione which upheld the possibility to bring in front of the accounting jurisdiction also the position of the directors of the company. The paper then analyses the criticisms to such position moved by the doctrine. The Author then analyzes the critical issues of this approach in the light of EU law, in order to ascertain under what circumstances a liability of the directors can be found, where there is a real in house relationship.

2016

Gherardo Carullo

Contratos de la Administración Pública para la autoproducción de bienes y servicios: el caso europeo de las operaciones “internas” mediante in house providing [Contracts of the Public Administrations for the production of goods and services: the European case of "internal" operations by in house providing]

Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 61-81

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The article deals with the issue of in house, an original award model born in Europe as an exception to the tender rule for the award of public contracts. After a preliminary introduction of the reasons that led to the adoption, at European level, of public procurement rules, the Author specifically analyzes the various requirements of in-house, both in light of the existing CJEU jurisprudence, and in relation to the new Directives on public contracts. The author concludes by proposing a reading of the house in line with the European context, making special reference to its limits and purposes.

2016

Gherardo Carullo

Posta Elettronica Certificata e domicilio digitale: futuro e incertezze in una prospettiva europea [Certified Electronic Mail and digital domicile: future scenarios and uncertainties in a European perspective]

Rivista Italiana di Diritto Pubblico Comunitario, no. 1, pp. 51-75

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The article deals with some issues arising from the Italian certified mail (posta elettronica certificata, PEC). To this end, the paper considers first of all the principal advantages of the PEC by comparing it to traditional mail systems, and, secondly, the importance that this system has gained in Italy, especially in light of the draft of the legislative decree amending the Digital Administration Code approved by the Council of Ministers on January 20th, 2016. The author then introduces two of the main issues found from an European perspective: the risk of lock-in of users and the possibility that the use of the PEC in the Italian legal system is limited to guarantee the effectiveness of European law. The author prospects therefore a review of the PEC, hoping that these critical issues can be resolved and that this tool will be exported to Europe.

2016

Diana Urania Galetta and Gherardo Carullo

Gestione dei servizi pubblici locali e in house providing: novità, auspici e scenari futuri in una prospettiva di de-frammentazione del sistema [Management of local public services and in-house providing: news, possible and future scenarios in a perspective of de-fragmentation of the system]

Rivista Italiana di Diritto Pubblico Comunitario, no. 1, pp. 371-393

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The Article deals with the in-house providing, as a management tool for services of general economic interest of local scope. After an overview of the applicable primary European law, it is briefly revisited the case law that has defined the notion of in-house providing. The requirement according to which it is necessary to exercise a control similar to that exercised over the controller’s own departments is in particular examined. The paper deals then with the changes introduced by the most recent European Directives. Finally, some interesting conclusions are drawn on the role of the in-house providing in the current national legislation.

2015

Gherardo Carullo

Services in the Field of Law within the Internal Market: Promoting e-Justice through Interoperability

Laws, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-18

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The paper addresses the problem of intra-European services provided to professionals in the legal sector. Through a brief overview of the main services that are or may be offered in the internal market in this field, the author identifies the lack of interoperability as one of the most critical barriers currently preventing effective intra-community competition. The author wonders to what degree and under which rules of the treaties a European intervention could be justified and, therefore, what purposes could be pursued through European legislation. The author analyses the rail transport sector to assess if, and to what degree, existing barriers to entry could be reduced and innovation could be fostered by defining certain standards at a European level for the interoperability of IT systems in the field of law. In particular, the example of the rail sector is analyzed to determine the degree to which the solutions already in place for the “telematics applications for the passenger services subsystem” could be replicated in the context of the services addressed by the paper. In conclusion, the author suggests that addressing the issues of interoperability in the legal services sector could be a useful first step towards the digitalization of the internal market, as advocated by the Commission in its recent Communication on the digital single market.

2015

Gherardo Carullo

Aiuti di stato: La “modernizzazione” del ruolo dello “Stato finanziatore” quale motore dello sviluppo dei Servizi di interesse economico generale [State aids: The "modernization" of the role of the State in promoting the development of services of general economic interest]

Concorrenza e mercato, no. 1, pp. 5-35

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The article deals with the issue of compensation for public service obligations, especially in light of the “modernisation package”. The aim of the contribution is to verify to what extent the application of State aid rules may affect the decisions of public Authorities on the provisioning of such services of general economic interest and, more generally, on the role that Public Authorities may play in this field.
Given the inherent tension between public services and competition law, the Author first examines the various ways in which the Commission tends to consider the compensations for public service obligations in two key areas: measures falling under the Altmark criteria, and measures that constitute an aid under Article 107, paragraph 1, Tfeu.
The Author then continues by analysing the provisions of the modernisation package in two main directions: on the one hand he analyses how the Commission intends to scrutinize, and to what extent, the choices of Member States to qualify certain activities as services of general economic interest. On the other side, it is investigated to what extent compensations paid by the State can be considered adequate.
The Author traces then some conclusions regarding the limited role that the State is called to play, even in the services of general economic interest.

2015

Gherardo Carullo

Luci ed ombre sulla legittimità dell’affidamento in house al CINECA [Lights and shadows on the legitimacy of the in house provision to CINECA]

Giustamm.it, no. 2, pp. 1-13

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The article examines the opinion with which the Italian Consiglio di Stato has positively resolved the question of the legitimacy of some direct assignment of IT services to CINECA. The analysis focuses in particular on two interesting aspects of the in-house providing doctrine, while raising some doubts on the legitimacy of the direct assignments, but for reasons not directly examined by the Consiglio di Stato.

2014

Gherardo Carullo

Prime riflessioni in merito alle “nuove” eccezioni relative agli «appalti e le concessioni tra enti nell’ambito del settore pubblico», alla luce della “vecchia” giurisprudenza sull’in house [First thoughts on the "new" exceptions on the «contracts and concessions between institutions in the public sector», in light of the "old" case-law on in-house providing]

Rivista italiana di diritto pubblico comunitario, no. 3-4, pp. 823-834

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The article reproduces the speech at the seminar on the topic "European Integration, public services and fundamental rights", during which the Author has expressed some preliminary thoughts on the innovations introduced on the in-house requirements set by the new European Directives on public procurements. The seminar was organized by the Jean Monnet Chair of Prof. Emilio Castorina, which is focused on “public services, fundamental rights and European constitutionalism”, and took place in Catania, at the Department of Law (Villa Cerami) January 31, 2014.

2014

Gherardo Carullo

Riflessioni su alcune aperture del legislatore europeo in tema di in house, anche in prospettiva dei corrispondenti limiti nazionali per le società strumentali [Thoughts on some openings of the European legislator on the subject of in-house providing, also in view of the corresponding national limits for public companies]

Rivista italiana di diritto pubblico comunitario, no. 5, pp. 991-1017

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Following the adoption of the new legislative package for the modernisation of public procurement in the EU, the article focuses on the derogations for “in-house” contracts. The analysis addresses in particular three aspects of the new provisions: the possibility of carrying out a direct award between entities controlled by a single authority in a way that resembles intra-group operations; the provision of a fixed percentage of the essential part of the activities to be carried out; the possibility to allow private share holders into an in house entity. The Author examines the extent of such provisions, while proposing a systematic rereading, in light of the renewed European framework, of some of the limits imposed by Article 13 of the (national) Decree Law no. 223/2006 on the so called instrumental entities.

2013

Gherardo Carullo

Obbligo di esercizio « associato » delle funzioni e modelli di cooperazione a livello comunale [Compulsory exercise of «associated» functions and models of cooperation at the municipal level]

Foro Amministrativo C.d.S., no. 10, pp. 2879-2910

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With the decree-law of 31 May 2010, n. 78 the fundamental functions of Municipalities have been finally identified. At the same time, however, it has also been imposed upon small local authorities the obligation to exercise the above mentioned functions in conjunction with other municipalities, using those forms of cooperation already provided by Legislative Decree n. 267/2000. The article, after a brief overview of the new rules and an analysis, also from a constitutional point of view, of the legitimacy of the provisions in question, focuses its attention on the tools available to fulfill the above mentioned obligation. Thus, after a brief examination of the organizational solutions offered both by national and regional legislature, the Author tries to identify which one appears to be more appropriate to satisfy the burden of cooperation.

2013

Gherardo Carullo

State Resources in the Case Law: Imputability Under an Organizational Perspective

European State Aid Law Quarterly, no. 3, pp. 453-463

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Under an organisational perspective, the article analyses the most relevant case law on the criteria of imputability of the resources used to finance aid schemes. The Author’s aim is to assess whether a link may be found between the first requirement set by Article 107(1) TFUE and the way in which Member States organise the use of their public powers. Having classified and analysed the decisions of the European Courts accordingly, the Author concludes highlighting the role, under State aid rules, played by the way in which public bodies are structured.

2013

Gherardo Carullo

Acte administratif individuel et directives non transposées: rôle du juge national [Individual administrative acts and non-transposed directives: role of the national judge]

Rivista italiana di diritto pubblico comunitario, no. 1, pp. 295-308

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Elaboration drawn from the communication presented during the 7th Franco-German meeting of young researchers in comparative public law (Paris, 21-23 June 2012), where, in particular. The Author notes that, both in Italy and France, the path that led to the effective protection of rights conferred by non-transposed immediately applicable directives, for various reasons, has led to a substantially similar result.

2011

Gherardo Carullo

La separazione (giudiziale) tra aggiudicazione e contratto: un divorzio inevitabile [The (judicial) separation between the adjudication and the contract: an inevitable divorce]

Rivista italiana di diritto pubblico comunitario, no. 1, pp. 160-171

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The article examines a recent case on the fate of the contract after that the award in a public procurement procedure has been set aside. The Author offers a reconstruction of the applicable law, highlighting some critical aspects of the judgment, in particular as to the conclusions reached by the court concerning the jurisdiction on the action against the validity of the contract.

2010

Gherardo Carullo

Rapporti tra potestà pubbliche e opere di urbanizzazione [Relations between public authorities and urbanization works]

Rivista italiana di diritto pubblico comunitario, no. 3-4, pp. 1011-1022

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The article examines the qualifications of zoning plans for the application of European regulations on public procurement. The analysis is carried out in particular by examining the judgement of the European Court of Justice in case C-451/08, in which a complex operation conducted by a German municipality was not deemed falling within the European definition of contract for the application of European procurement rules.

2010

Gherardo Carullo

Appalti: il termine di ricorso fra incertezze interpretative e riforme legislative [Public procurement: deadline for lodging an appeal between interpretative uncertainties and legislative reforms]

Rivista italiana di diritto pubblico comunitario, no. 2, p. 553

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In light of the judgment of the European Court of Justice in case C-406/08, the article analyses the term of appeal in the field of public procurement in the Italian system. The analysis on the impact of the judgment is carried out not only in relation to the legislation in force at the time, but also by looking at the imminent reforms, to understand how these would be impacted by the principles set out by the Court.

Case law annotations (15)

2021

Gherardo Carullo

Dematerializzazione delle ricette mediche “bianche”: dubbi sulla competenza del Ministero dell’economia [Dematerialization of "white" medical prescriptions: doubts about the competence of the Ministry of the Economy]

IRPA - Osservatorio sullo Stato digitale

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The process of digitization of the public administration, and in particular of health care, continues with the dematerialization of "white" medical prescriptions, i.e. those not charged to the National Health Service. After the dematerialization of the medical prescription for the prescriptions charged to the NHS, the Ministry of Economy and Finance also intervenes in this area for the purpose of simplification for the patient. In light of the sources referred to in the decree and the purposes stated therein, doubts arise about the legitimacy of the measure and the competence of the Ministry of Economy and Finance to intervene in this case.

2017

Gherardo Carullo

Nota di segnalazione della sentenza della Corte di giustizia del 5 ottobre 2017, nella causa C‑567/15, LitSpecMet [European Court of Justice, 5 October 2017, C-567/15, LitSpecMet]

Rivista italiana di diritto pubblico comunitario, no. 5, p. 1225

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With this ruling the Court of Justice has had the opportunity to specify the first requirement of the notion of a body governed by public law in a situation in which the contracting company is in turn wholly owned by a body governed by public law, and carries out most of its activities in favor of the latter, while at the same time operating on the market.

2017

Gherardo Carullo

Nota di segnalazione della sentenza della Corte di giustizia dell'8 dicembre 2016, nella causa C-555/15, Undis Servizi [European Court of Justice, 8 December 2016, C-555/15, Undis Servizi]

Rivista Italiana di Diritto Pubblico Comunitario, no. 2, p. 513

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Abstract +
This judgment concerns the request for a preliminary ruling made by our Council of State to the Court of Justice concerning the interpretation of the requirement of the prevalence of activities for the assignment of a contract through in-house providing.

2016

Gherardo Carullo

Right of Access and State Aid Procedures: a Look at the General Presumption of Confidentiality and the Overriding Public Interest in Case C-271/15, Sea Handling v Commission

StateAidHub.eu

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Abstract +
A look at the Court’s ruling of 14th July 2016 on the applicability of the general presumption of confidentiality - and the notion of overriding public interest - applicable to documents relating to procedures for reviewing State aid.

2016

Gherardo Carullo

Nota di segnalazione della sentenza della Corte di Giustizia del 14 luglio 2016, nella causa C‑271/15 P, Sea / Commissione [European Court of Justice, 14 July 2016, C-271/15, Sea / Commission]

Rivista italiana di diritto pubblico comunitario, no. 5, p. 1299

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Abstract +
This judgment concerns the appeal of the Court's ruling in the case brought by Sea Handling S.p.A. against the Commission decision of 12 June 2013. With this decision the Commission had denied the applicant access to documents relating to a procedure for controlling State aid on the capital increases carried out in its favor by Sea S.p.A., its parent company.

2016

Gherardo Carullo

Nota di segnalazione della sentenza del T.A.R. Lazio, III, 11 aprile 2016, n. 4284 [T.A.R. Lazio, Roma, III, 11 April 2016, n. 4284]

Rivista italiana di diritto pubblico comunitario, no. 3-4, p. 930

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Abstract +
With this judgment the T.A.R. Lazio decided in the case promoted by Telecom Italia S.p.a. against the tender called by Consip SpA on May 23, 2013 for the award of the framework contract for the assignment of connectivity services within the Public Connectivity System, pursuant to art. 83 of Legislative Decree no. 82 of 2005.

2016

Gherardo Carullo

Nota di segnalazione della sentenza della Corte di giustizia del 28 gennaio 2016, nella causa C-375/14, Rosanna Laezza [European Court of Justice, 28 January 2016, C-375/14, Rosanna Laezza]

Rivista italiana di diritto pubblico comunitario, no. 2, p. 585

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Abstract +
With this judgment the Court of Justice has provided some interesting explanations regarding the compatibility with Articles 49 and 56 TFEU of the provision for which the concessionaire, upon termination of the business due to expiry of the term or due to revocation measures, is obliged to grant access to his tangible and intangible assets for the performance of the contract without any charge.

2016

Gherardo Carullo

Nota di segnalazione sentenza TAR Lombardia, III, 13 gennaio 2016, n. 58 [T.A.R. Lombardia, Milano, III, 13 January 2016, n. 58]

Rivista italiana di diritto pubblico comunitario, no. 1, p. 247

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Abstract +
The judgment concerns the challenge of the final ranking of the tender announced by the Lombardy Region for the assignment of 341 pharmaceutical locations. Among the various issues examined, and positively appreciated, by T.A.R. of Milan, the analysis of the legal logic that led to the acceptance of the second ground of appeal is particularly interesting here. In relation to this complaint, the judges have placed particular emphasis on the use of the certified electronic mail address (PEC), which therefore allows some brief considerations regarding the role that technological tools can take in the of the administrative procedure.

2015

Gherardo Carullo

Nota di segnalazione della sentenza della Corte di Giustizia, Quinta Sezione, 6 ottobre 2015, nella causa C‑71/14, East Sussex County Council [European Court of Justice, 6 October 2015, C‑71/14, East Sussex County Council]

Rivista Italiana di Diritto Pubblico Comunitario, no. 6, p. 1775

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Abstract +
With this judgment, the Court of Justice has ruled on the preliminary questions raised by the First-tier Tribunal (Information Rights) of the United Kingdom on the interpretation of Articles 5 and 6 of Directive 2003/4 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 28 January 2003 (hereinafter, Directive 2003/4), on public access to environmental information and in particular on the costs to which the supply of the requested data may be subject.

2015

Gherardo Carullo

Nota di segnalazione sentenza Corte di Cassazione, Sez. Unite Civili, 21 luglio 2015 n. 15199 [Corte di Cassazione, Sez. Unite Civili, 21 July 2015 n. 15199]

Rivista Italiana di Diritto Pubblico Comunitario, no. 5, p. 1418

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Abstract +
The issue addressed by the Italian Corte di Cassazione involves a recently long debated problem, namely the existence, or not, of the accounting jurisdiction in relation to the directors of public companies.

2015

Gherardo Carullo

Procedures for examining abnormally low tenders as a State aid tool? A note on Case C-568/13 Data Medical Service

StateAidHub.eu

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Abstract +
This short note examines Case C-568/13 Data Medical Service on the award of public service contracts, which is particularly interesting from a State aid perspective. While stressing that there are no exclusions whatsoever – at a European level – with respect to the public or private nature of undertakings entitled to participate in public procurements, the judgment contains some noteworthy considerations regarding how the procedure for examining abnormally low tenders may, under certain conditions, become a new tool from a State aid control perspective.

2015

Gherardo Carullo

Nota di segnalazione della sentenza del Consiglio di Stato, Sez. VI, del 26 maggio 2015, n. 2660 [Consiglio di Stato, VI, del 26 May 2015, n. 2660]

Rivista Italiana di Diritto Pubblico Comunitario, no. 3-4, p. 1028

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Abstract +
With this judgment, the Sixth Section of the Council of State annulled the in-house assignment ordered by the University of Calabria in favor of the CINECA of IT services related to the activation of the U-GOV and ESSE3 system. For those who have followed the events relating to the CINECA in recent months, the outcome of the trial can only lead to some astonishment. In fact, only last January 30, 2015, opinion no. 298 of the Second Section rendered in response to the question submitted by the Ministry of Education of the University and Research and which had deemed legitimate the assignment by the latter through in-house providing to the CINECA of services in the field of information technology.

2015

Gherardo Carullo

Nota di segnalazione sentenza Cons. Stato Sez. III, 13-11-2014, n. 5587 [Consiglio di Stato, III, del 13 November 2014, n. 5587]

Rivista Italiana di Diritto Pubblico Comunitario, no. 2, p. 664

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Abstract +
This judgment offers an interesting food for thought about the nature of the public interest that must exist in the context of an agreement between two Public Administrations for the purposes of the non-application of European legislation on public procurement.

2015

Gherardo Carullo

Nota di segnalazione della sentenza della Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea, Quinta Sezione, del 18 dicembre 2014, nella causa C-568/13, Data Medical Service [European Court of Justice, 18 December 2014, C-568/13, Data Medical Service]

Rivista italiana di diritto pubblico comunitario, no. 1, p. 278

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Abstract +
With this ruling the Court of Justice confirmed that there are no foreclosures - at European level - about the public or private nature of the subjects entitled to participate in public procedures, at the same time assuming an interesting position regarding the relationship between abnormally low offers and state aid.

2014

Gherardo Carullo

Nota di segnalazione della sentenza della Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea, Quinta Sezione, del 19 giugno 2014, nella causa C-574/12, Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal e SUCH [European Court of Justice, del 19 June 2014, C-574/12, Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal e SUCH]

Rivista italiana di diritto pubblico comunitario, no. 6, p. 1369

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Abstract +
This sentence deals with the well-known topic of in-house providing, shedding light on some clarification regarding the so-called similar control and, in particular, the issue of private participation. This requirement constitutes one of the essential prerequisites, together with that of the prevalence of the activities in favor of the controlling Administration, so that it can proceed to a direct assignment as an exception to public procurement rules, according to the granitic orientation of the European jurisprudence inaugurated by the famous Teckal sentence (of 18 November 1999, in case C-107/98).

Conferences and talks (57)

June 25, 2026

Speech on the topic Public data as administrative infrastructure, as part of the conference Data centers for innovation: regulation, rights and the third sector, University of Milan.

April 14, 2026

Introduction to the high qualification seminar of the LEES Doctoral Research Program on Rule of Law and Strategic Litigation, University of Milan.

November 13, 2025

Speech on the topic Los datos como nuevo activo digital at the Conference Seminario de Derecho y entornos digitales, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.

January 31, 2025

Institutional greetings at the Conference on Rule of Law and Systemic Deficiencies, University of Milan.

November 7, 2024

Speech on the topic Le regole di co-amministrazione e la collaborazione tra Autorità nazionali [Co-administration Rules and Cooperation among National Authorities], as part of the round table Cybersecurity: Implementation of the NIS 2 Directive, Department of International, Legal, and Historical-Political Studies, University of Milan.

October 11, 2024

Speech on the topic Presentation of the Venice Network on Smart Cities and Digital Administration, as part of the round table Charting the course towards a new legal framework for smart cities, Department of Administrative Law, Law Faculty at the Charles University, Prague.

September 20, 2024

Speech on the topic Regulation around AI the EU and US perspective, as part of The AI2M First annual Artificial Intelligence and Innovation in Medicine Meeting, Bologna.

February 12, 2024

Speech in the study meeting on the topic Riserva di umanità e funzioni amministrative [Reserve of humanity and administrative functions], an event organized by Fondazione Forense Bolognese.

September 11, 2023

Speech in the study meeting on the topic Riserva di umanità e funzioni amministrative [Reserve of humanity and administrative functions], an event organized by CERIDAP in the Book Forum series, and by the University of Milan.

June 13, 2023

Discussant in the conference Sanità rurale e assistenza sanitaria decentrata. Spagna e Italia: esperienze a confronto [Rural health and decentralized health care. Spain and Italy: comparing experiences], an event organized by the Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences of the University of Bologna and by the Real Academia de Medicina de Castilla-La Mancha in collaboration with the CeSDirSan research centre.

November 4, 2022

Speech on the topic Erogazione di servizi digitali e Pubblica Amministrazione: questioni ancora aperte e sfide per il futuro [Provision of digital services and Public Administration: still open issues and challenges for the future] at the Conference on La digitalizzazione e l’organizzazione della Pubblica Amministrazione [Digitization and organization of the Public Administration], at the Ca’ Foscari University, Venice.

June 24, 2022

Speech on the topic Accountability and motivation of algorithmic decisions at the Conference on Controlling the State in the Digital Era, organized by the University of Lorraine and the University of Saarland.

May 10, 2022

Speech on the topic La digitalizzazione degli appalti pubblici nella prospettiva del mercato unico europeo [The digitization of public procurement in the perspective of the European single market] at the International Conference on Administrative Law Procurement and Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities, organized by the Università del Piemonte Orientale in collaboration with CERIDAP.

October 29, 2021

Speech on the topic Accesso alla giustizia e processo amministrativo: la riduzione della distanza tra le parti ed il giudice grazie alla digitalizzazione [Access to justice and administrative trial: the reduction of geographical distance and of the length of the trial thanks to digitization] at the conference on the topic L’accesso alla giustizia nel quadro del SD goal 16 [Access to justice within the framework of SD goal 16], organized by the Department of Italian and supranational public law of the University of Milan as part of the "Law, Justice and Sustainable Development" Excellence Project.

October 21, 2021

Co-organization with scheduled intervention in the conference on the topic Dati e decisioni pubbliche all’epoca dell’Information and Communication Technologies [Data and decisions in the public sphere at the time of Information and Communication Technologies], an event organized by CERIDAP in collaboration with the University of Turin and the University of Udine.

October 1, 2021

Co-organization and chair in the round table on the topic Climate Change and New Technologies: Aligning Public Administration and Social Activation around Decentralized Local and Global Solutions, an event organized by CERIDAP in collaboration with CODEX, the Stanford center for legal informatics.

June 24, 2021

Co-organization and chair in the round table on the topic Thinking about Pre-COP 2021: Climate Change and New Technologies, an event organized by CERIDAP in collaboration with CODEX, the Stanford center for legal informatics.

June 3, 2021

Co-organization and discussant in the study meeting on the topic Blockchain and Public Law: Global Challenges in the Era of Decentralization, an event organized by CERIDAP in the Book Forum series, and by the University of Milan.

March 22, 2021

Discussant in the online workshop on The European Parliament Administration facing the challenge of eDemocracy, an event organized by CERIDAP in the Book Forum series, and by the University of Milan.

March 19, 2021

Speech on the topic L’esperienza (negativa) della APP Immuni [The (negative) experience of the "Immuni" APP] at the conference on the topic La digitalizzazione della P.A. durante e oltre l’emergenza da covid-19 [The digitization of the Public Administration during and beyond the covid-19 emergency], organized by the Municipality of Milan, CERIDAP and the University of Milan as part of the Milan Digital Week 2021.

October 15, 2020

Webinar on IA en la Administración pública italiana [Artificial Intelligence in the Italian Public Administration] of the specialization in Inteligencia Artificial y Derecho [Artificial Intelligence and Law] of the Universidad de Buenos Aires and of the Research Center IALab.

September 25, 2020

Speech on the topic Digitization of controls at the times of coronavirus as part of the online seminar on The digitization of the PA in the context of the health emergency organized by the University of Milan and the Giandomenico Romagnosi Foundation, event accredited to the CNF.

May 27, 2020

Co-organizer of the online conference entitled Smart city & Blockchain: for an inclusive and sustainable city in the context of the Milan Digital Week 2020 and speech on the topic Public-Private Partnerships and blockchain.

February 14, 2020

Inaugural lecture of the specializations in Constitutional Law and Environmental Law on the subject Relevancia constitucional del medio ambiente en Colombia y en Italia [Constitutional relevance of the environment in Colombia and in Italy] · Lecture recording.

Universidad del Rosario - Colombia · 3 hrs

February 10, 2020

Speech on Blockchain y política pública: una mirada desde la experiencia europea [Blockchain and public policy: a look from the European experience], presented at the Conferencia inaugural: aspectos regulatorios y éticos de las tecnologías disruptivas [ Conferencia inaugural: aspectos regulatorios y éticos de las tecnologías disruptivas], organized by the Centro para la Ética y la Transformación Digital at the Universidad Externado de Colombia.

December 16, 2019

Speech on Diritto all'oblio e dovere di provvedere della Pubblica Amministrazione [Right to be forgotten and duty to act of the Public Administration], presented at the Conference on Mercato Unico Digitale, dati personali e diritti fondamentali [Digital Single Market, personal data and fundamental rights], organized by the Jean Monnet Center of Excellence at the University of Milan.

November 22, 2019

Speech on Condivisione e trasferimento dei dati nell’amministrazione digitale multi-livello europea: problemi e sfide [Sharing and transferring data in the European multi-level digital administration: problems and challenges], presented in the panel Sfide ed opportunità dell'intelligenza artificiale nei processi decisionali delle amministrazioni pubbliche [Challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence in public administration decision-making processes] at the annual ICON·S Conference, the Italian chapter, on Le nuove tecnologie e il futuro del diritto pubblico [New technologies and the future of public law], 22-23 November 2019, University of Florence.

October 25, 2019 – October 26, 2019

Co-organizer of the international conference on Good for all: towards a Paradigm Shift. Blockchain, Law and Governance and Chair of the panel on Blockchain and Transparency Issues, University of Milan.

October 11, 2019

Speech on Neutralità ed indipendenza della scelta tecnologica nella pubblica amministrazione [Neutrality and independence of technological choices of public administrations], presented in the panel Competenze e fabbisogni della Pubblica Amministrazione: la digitalizzazione [Skills and requirements of public administrations: the digitization] at the annual Conference of the Italian Association of Administrative Law Professors (AIPDA) on Quali saperi servono alla pubblica amministrazione? Selezione, valorizzazione e tutela della professionalità pubblica [What skills do public administrations need? Selection, enhancement and protection of public professionalism], 10-12 October 2019, University of Pisa.

June 7, 2019

Speech on E-procurement ed asimmetrie informative / E-procurement and information asymmetries in the Atelier 1 : Contrats de commande publique et smart cities / Public procurement contracts and smart cities at the conference titled Contrats publics, décisions administratives et innovation technologique / Public procurement, administrative acts and technological innovation, organized by the Chaire de droit public français de l’Université de la Sarre within the activities of the research network Smart cities & Digital administration - Law and Governance at the Universität des Saarlandes - Université de Lorraine.

June 7, 2019

Presentation of the paper titled Strumenti di gestione del territorio e promozione della sostenibilità da parte dell’amministrazione digitale [Territorial management tools and promotion of sustainability by the digital administration ] as one of the winners of the ReNEUAL Young Scholars Award 2019 at the ReNEUAL 10th anniversary Conference, at the University of Freiburg.

May 21, 2019

Speech on Interoperabilità dei dati e riflessi organizzativi [Interoperability of data and organizational reflexes ], within the Primo Convegno Nazionale Coordinamento Dottorandi in Diritto Amministrativo titled L’amministrazione pubblica con i Big Data, at the University of Turin.

October 15, 2018 – October 17, 2018

Organizational manager and discussant for two panels of the 1st Edition of the Doctoral Seminar in Public, International and European Union Law on the subject Big Data and Public Law: New Challenges beyond Data Protection, at the University of Milan, Palazzo Feltrinelli in Gargnano sul Garda.

October 12, 2018

Speech on Open Data e Democrazia partecipativa [Open Data and participatory democracy ] within the international Conference titled Nuove prospettive dell’amministrazione digitale: open data e algoritmi / Nouvelles perspectives de l’administration numérique : open data et algorithmes / New Perspectives of Digital Administration : Open Data and Algorithms, at the Ca’ Foscari University, Venice, an event accredited to the Venice Bar Association.

June 27, 2018

Presentation of the paper titled Artificial intelligence for resilient local governance within the panel on Localizing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), of the 2018 Congress of the International Institute for Administrative Sciences, 25- 29 June, Tunis, Tunisia.

June 21, 2018

Presentation of the paper titled Artificial intelligence in smart cities for a dynamic and adaptive governance model within the panel on Villes (intelligentes), of the Conference titled Le futur du droit administratif, organized by the Chaire Mutations de l’action publique of the University of Paris Sciences Po, 21-22 June 2018.

May 31, 2018

Speech within the international Conference titled Digitalizzazione della pubblica amministrazione: problemi attuali e prospettive future - Digitalization of Public Administration: Current Problems and Future Prospects - Digitalización de la administración pública: problemas actuales y perspectivas, part of the High Qualification Seminars cycle of the PhD in public, international and European law of the University of Milan.

March 23, 2018

Speech on Big Data and Public Administration, as part of the Conference titled The European Regulation on the processing of personal data: the use of databases by administrations and citizens’ rights, co-financed by the Erasmus+ program by the European Union.

March 8, 2018

Speech within the seminar entitled Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on personal data protection, part of the series lunch seminars of the students of Public, International and European Law of the XXX - XXXIII Doctorate cycle of the University of Milan.

February 12, 2018

Speech within the conference titled E-democracy and digital transformation: challenges, perspectives and skills, event promoted by the Department of Political, Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Milan in collaboration with "Centro ICONA", and accredited to the Milan Bar Association.

October 5, 2017

Speech at the round table during the inaugural Conference of the XXXIII Doctorate Cycle of the University of Milan on Blockchain and Public Law.

September 25, 2017

Speech on the principles of Transparency in the use of drones in Italy, within the International Conference on Drones and their use for strategic and military purposes, titled Armed drones in Italy and in Europe: issues and perspectives, event promoted by the Italian Disarmament Network, the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (CEDU), the Italian Liberal and Civil Rights Coalition (CILD), in collaboration with the Disarmament Archive and the Law Faculty of the University of Milan.

May 25, 2017

Speech on Government in the digital era: can we do more with less?, at the 12° International Conference of SIPE (Societas Iuris Publici Europaei) on Information and Communication Technologies Challenging Public Law, Beyond Data Protection, Co-funded by the European Parliament, and sponsored by the European Commission.

January 27, 2017

Speech on The exchange of data between public bodies and the European prospects in the face of the internal market, as part of the Conference titled Digitization and the new administration, which is part of the course on Understanding the European Public Administration: New Challenges, co-financed by the Erasmus+ program by the European Union.

January 13, 2017

Speech on Digital tools of the digital administration, as part of the Seminar titled administration and digitalization of national and EU public administration: potential, risks and challenges of the "digital revolution", which is part of the cycle of meetings on Administration and Digitization, within the project PRIN 2012 (2012SAM3KM) on codification of the procedures of the EU.

December 5, 2016

Speech on Data held by public administration: current issues and future perspectives, as part of the conference on Legal BIM: Information modeling and new contract models, co-organized by the University of Milan, the Polytechnic of Milan and the University of Brescia.

March 7, 2016

Speech on Main innovations of the Digital Administration Code reform [Codice dell’amministrazione Digitale ] in a European perspective, as part of the Conference titled Digital Administration and the "Madia" reform, which is part of the cycle of meetings on Administration and Digitization, within the project PRIN 2012 (2012SAM3KM) on codification of the procedures of the EU and seminars of high qualification of the PhD in Public Law, International and European studies.

December 18, 2015

Speech on Opportunities and competitive issues in the process of digitization of Public Administration, as part of the conference on The Digital Administration in the European Union: prospects for development and related issues, which is part of the cycle of meetings on Administration and Digitization, within the project PRIN 2012 (2012SAM3KM) on codification of the procedures of the EU and seminars of high qualification of the PhD in Public Law, International and European studies.

July 16, 2015

Speech on "Rhetoric and administrative process", as part of the course in "Public Speaking Forensics" coordinated by Prof. Chiara Tenella Sillani of the University of Milan (4 cr.).

October 13, 2014

Speech on "Public companies and direct award of contracts", as part of the activities organized by the Società Lombarda degli Avvocati Amministrativisti, an event credited to the Bar of Milan (6 cr.).

April 14, 2014

Report within of the informal meeting on The functioning and powers of the European Union, an event organized by Seigas.

January 30, 2014

Speech on Services of general economic interest and the market: in house as a form of internalization as part of the conference held at the University of Catania, on the European integration, public services and basic rights, an event credited to the Bar in Catania (4 cr.) and falling within the scope of the activities supported by the Jean Monnet Chair, co-financed by the European Union.

June 22, 2012

Presentation at the 7ème rencontre franco-allemande de jeunes chercheurs en droit public comparé at the Université Paris I.

Teaching and courses (67)

2026/2027 (II/II)

Professor of Public Administration for Sustainable Development (taught in English), for the GIUR-06/A Sector - Administrative Law for the Master’s Degree Course in Sustainable Development (Class LM-81).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 34 hrs

2026/2027 (III/IV)

Professor of Diritto amministrativo europeo [European Administrative Law], for the GIUR-06/A Sector - Administrative Law for the Master’s Degree Course in Administrations and Public Policies (Class LM-63).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 60 hrs

2026/2027 (I/II)

Professor of Environmental Governance (taught in English), co-taught with Prof. Alessia Monica, for the GIUR-06/A Sector - Administrative Law for the Master’s Degree Course in Geophysics (Class LM-79).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 24 hrs

2026/2027 (I/IV)

Professor of Diritto dell’amministrazione digitale [Digital Administration Law], for the GIUR-06/A Sector - Administrative Law for the Master’s Degree Course in Administrations and Public Policies (Class LM-63).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 40 hrs

October 15, 2025

Teaching assignment for the course entitled The Role of Legislators and Public Administration in Relation to ICTs and The Digital Transition within the PhD course in International and public law, ethics and economics for sustainable development - LEES.

Università degli Studi di Milano · 5 hrs

September 19, 2025

Teaching assignment on the topic La digitalizzazione dei contratti pubblici [Digital Public Procurement], as part of the Master Appalti Pubblici, Prevenzione della Corruzione, Sostenibilità e Innovazione: “RUP: casi pratici. [Master in Public Procurement, Corruption Prevention, Sustainability and Innovation: “RUP: practical cases.”].

Università degli Studi di Ferrara · 8 hrs

January 23, 2025

Teaching assignment for the course entitled Aspetti etici delle sperimentazioni cliniche. Condivisione dati e implicazioni giuridico-legali dell’uso di dati personali e sanitari nella ricerca [Ethical Aspects of Clinical Trials. Data Sharing and Legal Implications of the Use of Personal and Health Data in Research] within the course on Clinical research: how to design randomized and observational studies. Methods for evaluating the efficacy and safety of health interventions.

Università degli Studi di Milano · 2 hrs

2025/2026 (II/II)

Professor of Public Administration for Sustainable Development, for the 12/GIUR-06 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Sustainable Development (Class LM-81).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 63 hrs

2025/2026 (I/IV)

Professor of Diritto dell’amministrazione digitale [Digital Administration Law ], for the 12/GIUR-06 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Administrations and Public Policies (Class LM-63).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 40 hrs

2025

Teaching activity.

Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

October 30, 2024

Teaching assignment for the course entitled Ragionevole durata del processo ed equo indennizzo [Reasonable Duration of the Process and Fair Compensation] within the course on Advanced Studies in Administrative Law.

Università degli Studi di Milano · 2 hrs

2024/2025 (II/II)

Professor of Public Administration for Sustainable Development, for the 12/GIUR-06 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Sustainable Development (Class LM-81).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 63 hrs

2024/2025 (I/IV)

Professor of Diritto dell’amministrazione digitale [Digital Administration Law ], for the IUS/10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Administrations and Public Policies (Class LM-63).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 40 hrs

2024

Teaching activity.

Charles University, Praga

May 11, 2023

Teaching assignment on the topic I documenti digitali: produzione, gestione e conservazione [Digital documents: production, management and conservation], as part of the Valore PA 2023 II level course: Dati, banche dati e nuove tecnologie: strumenti operativi per l’amministrazione pubblica digitale [Data, databases and new technologies: operational tools for digital public administration].

Università degli Studi di Torino · 2 hrs

April 20, 2023

Teaching assignment on the topic Il procedimento amministrativo digitalizzato e profili di tutela giurisdizionale [The digitized administrative procedure and profiles of judicial protection], in the context of the Master in Organizzazione, governance e innovazione nella pubblica amministrazione [Organization, governance and innovation in public administration].

Università degli Studi di Messina · 4 hrs

April 20, 2023

Teaching assignment on the topic La tecnologia blockchain per la sostenibilità [Blockchain for sustainability], in the context of the PhD in Design per il Made in Italy: Identità, Innovazione e Sostenibilità [Design for Made in Italy: Identity, Innovation and Sustainability].

Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli · 2 hrs

February 3, 2023

Teaching assignment on the topic Digitalizzazione, accesso e trasparenza [Digitization, access and transparency], in the context of the Master in Data Protection of the Politecnico di Milano.

Politecnico di Milano · 2 hrs

January 11, 2023

Teaching assignment for the course on the topic Condivisione dati e implicazioni giuridico-legali dell'uso di dati personali e sanitari nella ricerca. Coinvolgimento dei pazienti nella ricerca clinica [Sharing of data and juridical-legal implications of the use of personal and health data in research. Involvement of patients in clinical research], activated as part of the course on Ricerca clinica: come disegnare studi randomizzati e osservazionali. Metodi per la valutazione dell'efficacia e sicurezza degli interventi sanitari [Clinical research: how to design randomized and observational studies. Methods for evaluating the efficacy and safety of health interventions].

Università degli Studi di Milano · 2 hrs

2023/2024 (II/II)

Professor of Public Administration for Sustainable Development, for the IUS/10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Sustainable Development (Class LM-81).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 63 hrs

2023/2024 (I/IV)

Professor of Diritto dell’amministrazione digitale [Digital Administration Law ], for the IUS/10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Administrations and Public Policies (Class LM-63).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 40 hrs

June 24, 2022

Teaching assignment on the topic Le procedure di gara informatiche nel processo di digitalizzazione della p.a. [The IT tender procedures in the digitalization process of the public administration], in the context of the Master in Public Procurement of the University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli.

Politecnico di Milano · 2 hrs

June 22, 2022

Teaching assignment for the course entitled Il Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza e la digitalizzazione della pubblica amministrazione [The National Recovery and Resilience Plan and the digitization of the public administration] activated as part of the course on Administrative Law.

Università degli Studi di Milano · 2 hrs

2022/2023 (II/II)

Professor of Public Administration for Sustainable Development, for the IUS/10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Sustainable Development (Class LM-81).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 63 hrs

2022/2023 (I/IV)

Professor of Diritto dell’amministrazione digitale [Digital Administration Law ], for the IUS/10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Administrations and Public Policies (Class LM-63).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 40 hrs

October 11, 2021

Teaching assignment for the course entitled Digitalizzazione e banche dati pubbliche [Digitization and public databases] within the PhD course in public, international and European law.

Università degli Studi di Milano · 1.5 hrs

July 14, 2021

Teaching assignment for the course entitled Ricorso straordinario al Presidente della Repubblica e art. 6 CEDU (CEDU, sez. I, 1.10.2020, Mediani c. Italia) [Extraordinary appeal to the President of the Republic and art. 6 ECHR (ECHR, section I, 1.10.2020, Mediani v. Italy)] activated as part of the course on Administrative Law.

Università degli Studi di Milano · 2 hrs

May 12, 2021

Teaching assignment for the course entitled Gli strumenti per una governance “aumentata” tra innovazione regolatoria, tecnologica e digitale: big data e intelligenza artificiale nella Pubblica Amministrazione [The tools for “augmented” governance between regulatory, technological and digital innovation: big data and artificial intelligence in the Public Administration] within the PhD course in Institutions and Politics.

Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore · 2 hrs

May 6, 2021

Teaching assignment for the course entitled Big Data e diritto a una buona amministrazione [Big data and the right to good administration] within the PhD course in Law for innovation in the European legal area.

Università degli Studi di Udine · 2 hrs

January 21, 2021

Teaching assignment for the course on the topic Condivisione dati e implicazioni giuridico-legali dell'uso di dati personali e sanitari nella ricerca. Coinvolgimento dei pazienti nella ricerca clinica [Sharing of data and juridical-legal implications of the use of personal and health data in research. Involvement of patients in clinical research], activated as part of the course on Ricerca clinica: come disegnare studi randomizzati e osservazionali. Metodi per la valutazione dell'efficacia e sicurezza degli interventi sanitari [Clinical research: how to design randomized and observational studies. Methods for evaluating the efficacy and safety of health interventions].

Università degli Studi di Milano · 2 hrs

2021/2022 (IV/IV)

Professor of Diritto dell’amministrazione digitale [Digital Administration Law ], for the IUS/10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Administrations and Public Policies (Class LM-63).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 40 hrs

2021/2022 (II/II)

Professor of Public Administration for Sustainable Development, for the IUS/10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Sustainable Development (Class LM-81).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 63 hrs

December 19, 2020

Teaching assignment on the topic Evoluzione normativa UE e diritto interno in materia di trasparenza, principi generali della materia, obblighi di pubblicazione per le PP.AA. ex d.lgs. n. 33/2012 s.m.i. e accesso agli atti amministrativi [Evolution of EU legislation and internal law on transparency, general principles of the matter, publication obligations for public administrations pursuant to Legislative Decree no. 33/2012 and access to administrative documents], in the context of the Master in Data Protection Officer (DPO) and in Public Procurement (MAC) of the Politecnico di Milano.

Politecnico di Milano · 2 hrs

November 21, 2020

Teaching assignment on the topic L’azione amministrativa e la digitalizzazione [Administrative action and digitization], in the context of the Master in Data Protection Officer (DPO) and in Public Procurement (MAC) of the Politecnico di Milano.

Politecnico di Milano · 4 hrs

September 9, 2020

Teaching assignment for the course on the topic SCIA e tutela dei terzi alla luce della giurisprudenza della Corte costituzionale [SCIA and protection of third parties in the light of the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court], activated as part of the course on Administrative Law.

Università degli Studi di Milano · 2 hrs

March 4, 2020

Teaching assignment for the course entitled Big Data e diritto a una buona amministrazione [Big data and the right to good administration] within the PhD course in public, international and European law.

Università degli Studi di Milano · 1.5 hrs

February 21, 2020

Inaugural lecture of the specialization in Administrative Law on the subject Datos digitales y bases de datos en la administración pública [Digital data and databases in public administration].

Universidad Externado de Colombia · 4 hrs

February 7, 2020

Class on Organización territorial, autonomía local y distribución de competencias en Italia [Territorial organization, local autonomy and distribution of competencies in Italy] within the Master on Gobierno y desarrollo de entidades territoriales [Government and development of territorial entities].

Universidad Externado de Colombia · 3 hrs

January 24, 2020

Class on Los fundamentos del derecho a una buena administración en la Unión Europea [The foundations of the right to good administration in the European Union] within the especialización en Derecho Constitucional.

Universidad del Rosario - Colombia · 4 hrs

2020/2021 (II/II)

Professor of Public Administration for Sustainable Development, for the IUS/10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Sustainable Development (Class LM-81).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 42 hrs

2020/2021 (I/IV)

Professor of Diritto dell’amministrazione digitale [Digital Administration Law ], for the IUS/10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Administrations and Public Policies (Class LM-63).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 40 hrs

October 31, 2019

Teaching assignment for the course entitled Il Diritto amministrativo nell'era della digitalizzazione: una prospettiva di diritto interno, comparato ed europeo [Administrative law in the era of digitalization: a perspective of national, comparative and European law] within the PhD course in public, international and European law.

Università degli Studi di Milano · 3 hrs

October 8, 2019

Teaching assignment for the course on the topic Valutazione Ambientale Strategica (VAS) e ICT [Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and ICT], activated as part of the course on environmental sustainability of the research center SHUS Sustainability & Human Security for managers, officials and administrators of the Municipalities of Anci-Lombardia.

ANCI Lombardia · 2 hrs

September 27, 2019

Teaching assignment on the topic Principi e regole generali sul trattamento dei dati personali da parte dei soggetti pubblici: tutela della privacy e trasparenza nelle pubbliche amministrazioni, con particolare riferimento all’accesso ai documenti amministrativi e alle sue limitazioni [Principles and general rules on the processing of personal data by public subjects: protection of privacy and transparency in public administrations, with particular reference to access to administrative documents and its limitations], in the context of the Master in Data Protection Officer (DPO) of the Politecnico di Milano.

Politecnico di Milano · 4 hrs

May 10, 2019

In-depth seminar on the topic In-house companies in the Administrative Law course, Prof. Diana-Urania Galetta and Prof. Federico Gaffuri.

Università degli Studi di Milano · 3 hrs

April 13, 2019

Teaching in the framework of the "School for Politicians and Administrators of Local Authorities and the Region" on the topic The role of the digitalization of administrative procedures.

Centro Culturale Europeo Palazzo Arese Borromeo (CCE) · 3 hrs

2019/2020 (II/II)

Professor of The Role of Public Administration in Enhancing Equitable And Sustainable Development, for the IUS/10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Sustainable Development (Class LM-81).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 20 hrs

2019/2020 (I/IV)

Professor of Diritto dell’amministrazione digitale [Digital Administration Law ], for the IUS/10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Administrations and Public Policies (Class LM-63).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 40 hrs

October 4, 2018 – October 8, 2018

Teaching assignment for the course on Gestione dei dati della Pubblica Amministrazione, Regolamento UE/2016/679 e normativa nazionale di attuazione [Public Administration Data Management, Regulation UE / 2016/679 and national implementation legislation ], activated in the context of the collaboration between the Department of Political and Legal Sciences of the University of Messina and the Sicily Region for the provision of training and professional updating to regional employees.

Università degli Studi di Messina · 13 hrs

April 21, 2018

Teaching assignment on the topic The digitalization of public procurement (e-procurement): the MEPA, the innovations envisaged by Legislative Decree no. 50/2016 and the state of implementation, in the context of the Master in public procurement and contracts (MAC) of the Politecnico di Milano.

Politecnico di Milano · 6 hrs

2018/2019 (II/II)

Professor of The Role of Public Administration in Enhancing Equitable And Sustainable Development, for the IUS/10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Sustainable Development (Class LM-81).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 20 hrs

2018/2019 (II/II)

Adjunct Professor of The Role of Public Administration in Enhancing Equitable And Sustainable Development, for the IUS/10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Sustainable Development (Class LM-81).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 30 hrs

2018/2019 (I/IV)

Adjunct Professor of Diritto dell’amministrazione digitale [Digital Administration Law ], for the IUS/10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Administrations and Public Policies (Class LM-63).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 30 hrs

2017/2018 (II/II)

Adjunct Professor of The Role of Public Administration in Enhancing Equitable And Sustainable Development, for the IUS/10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Sustainable Development (Class LM-81).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 30 hrs

2016/2017 (II/II)

Adjunct Professor of Diritto Amministrativo statunitense [US Administrative Law ], for the IUS / 10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Single-cycle Master’s Degree Course in Law (Class LMG-01).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 20 hrs

2016/2017 (II/II)

Adjunct Professor of The Role of Public Administration in Enhancing Equitable And Sustainable Development, for the IUS/10 Sector - Administrative Law for the Degree Course in Sustainable Development (Class LM-81).

Università degli Studi di Milano · 10 hrs

2015/2016 (II/II)

Assignment pursuant to art. 45, General Regulations of the University (Reg. 288676 23/12/2013), of the Seminar of Diritto Amministrativo statunitense [US Administrative Law ] (3 cf.), within the course of Administrative Law, Prof. Erminio Ferrari.

Università degli Studi di Milano · 12 hrs

May 19, 2014 – May 20, 2014

In-depth seminar on the subject State Aid Rules in the course of European Administrative Law, Prof. Diana-Urania Galetta.

Università degli Studi di Milano · 4 hrs

April 16, 2014 – May 7, 2014

In-depth seminar on the subject of simplification, privatization and liberalization within the course of Administrative Law, Prof. Diana-Urania Galetta.

Università degli Studi di Milano · 4 hrs

November 22, 2013

Lesson on Intellectual Property Rights and the Internal Market, as part of the Market Regulation and Business Practice course, law degree.

Università degli Studi di Milano · 2 hrs

May 15, 2013 – May 20, 2013

In-depth seminar on the subject State Aid Rules in the course of European Administrative Law, Prof. Diana-Urania Galetta.

Università degli Studi di Milano · 4 hrs

2013/2014 - 2018/2019

Teaching support activities for the chairs of Administrative Law and European Administrative Law, Prof. Diana-Urania Galetta, degree course in Jurisprudence.

Università degli Studi di Milano

May 22, 2012

In-depth seminar on the subject State Aid Rules in the course of European Administrative Law, Prof. Diana-Urania Galetta.

Università degli Studi di Milano · 2 hrs

2010/2011 - 2018/2019

Teaching support activities for the chair of Administrative Law, Prof. Erminio Ferrari, degree course in Jurisprudence.

Università degli Studi di Milano

2010/2011 - 2016/2017

Teaching support activities for the chair of Administrative Law, Prof. Guido Greco, Law degree course.

Università degli Studi di Milano

2010/2011 - 2013/2014

Teaching support activities for the chairs of Administrative Law and European Administrative Law, Prof. Diana-Urania Galetta, former Faculty of Political Science.

Università degli Studi di Milano

Research projects and funding (7)

2024 – present

Scientific supervisor, together with Prof. Diana-Urania Galetta, of a PhD scholarship in International and Public Law, Ethics and Economics for Sustainable Development – LEES, co-funded by PagoPA S.p.A., on sustainability reporting (CSRD/ESRS).

2022 – 2023

Member of the interdepartmental project of the University of Milan entitled Un sistema di CurA e prevenzione digitale, peRvasivo e intElligente [A system of digital, pervasive and intelligent treatment and prevention] (acronym: e-CARE), funded as part of projects with funds from the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR).

2021 – 2022

Member of the research project entitled Thinking AI, Bringing together Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects of AI, funded by 4EU+ Alliance; members of the consortium: Sorbonne University, University of Milan, University of Copenhagen, Heidelberg University.

2019

Participant in the Big Data Analysis agreement between the Universities of Turin, Milan and Udine.

March 1, 2017 – February 28, 2019

Awarded a research grant pursuant to art. 22, p. 4, lett. a, l. 240/2010, from the University of Milan, on the project: Public Administration in light of recent reforms, in particular with regard to the tools of digitization of the Public Administration.

2016 – 2019

Team member of the Jean Monnet Module “Understanding the European Public Administration”.

September 1, 2015 – February 28, 2017

Awarded a research grant pursuant to art. 22, p. 4, lett. b), l. 240/2010, from the University of Milan, on the PRIN 2012 (2012SAM3KM) project on the Codification of European Union Proceedings.

Networks and affiliations (5)

2017 – present

Member on invitation to the Societas Iuris Publici Europaei e.V. (SIPE), an association founded in April 2003 in Frankfurt composed of members of recognized legal competence in the academic and professional world, for the study of the impact of European law on national legal systems.

2019 – present

Member of the Research Network on EU Administrative Law (ReNEUAL), a pan-European project addressing the potential and the substantial need for simplification of EU administrative law, as the body of rules and principles governing the implementation of EU policies by EU institutions and Member States.

2018 – present

Member of the Steering Committee and co-founder of the research group Venice Network, a research network between various Italian and European universities.

2019 – present

Member of the Steering Committee of the Centro di Ricerca Interdisciplinare sul Diritto delle Pubbliche Amministrazioni [Interdisciplinary Research Center on Administrative Law] (CERIDAP) of the University of Milan, aimed at creating a more efficient and impartial administrative action, also in implementation of the digital first principle (www.ceridap.eu).

2015 – 2017

Participation in the PRIN 2012 (id: 2012SAM3KM_003) entitled The codification of proceedings of the European Union, national coordinator Prof. Jacques Philippe Emmanuel Ziller, as a member of the research unit of the University of Milan, directed by Prof. Diana Urania Galetta.

Research visits (3)

January 13, 2020 – February 21, 2020

Visiting professor at the Departamento de Derecho Administrativo of the Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogotá.

March 1, 2016 – March 3, 2016

Visiting guest, EU Parliament’s Directorate-General for Innovation and Technological Support (DG ITEC), at the invitation of Director Giancarlo Vilella (Brussels)
Discussion and insight into the issues of digitalization of the administrative procedure with interviews and comparisons with DG ITEC technicians and operators. In particular, I interviewed: Head of Unit responsible for Application Development, project management and ICT methodology. Director of Innovation and Resources. Head of Document Production Unit (also with regard to the issue of standardizing formats).

March 2, 2015 – March 29, 2015

Research abroad, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, as a investigator visitante at the Department of Administrative Law of the University of Barcelona within the League of European Research Universities (LERU) program - phD exchange scheme, in collaboration with Professor Alfredo Galán Galán.

Journals and editorial boards (12)

2026 – present

Deputy Director and Head of Technology of the journal CERIDAP (ceridap.eu), a Class A journal indexed in Scopus and DOAJ.

2023 – present

Member of the editorial board of the journal CERIDAP (ceridap.eu).

2021 – present

Collaboration as peer-reviewer for the journal Frontiers.

2021 – present

Collaboration as peer-reviewer for the journal Munus (Class A).

2021 – present

Collaboration as peer-reviewer for the journal Istituzioni del Federalismo (Class A).

2021 – present

Collaboration as peer-reviewer for the journal EuroJus (Class A).

2020 – December 2025

Head of the editorial committee of the journal CERIDAP (ceridap.eu).

2020 – present

Collaboration as peer-reviewer for the journal Diritto Amministrativo (Class A).

2019

Collaboration as peer-reviewer for journal Aedon (Class A).

2018 – present

Member of the editorial board of the journal Rivista Italiana di Diritto Pubblico Comunitario.

2018 – present

Member of the advisory board of the legal blog Sustainable Development Watch, www.sdwatch.org.

2016

Collaboration as evaluator (peer-reviewer) for the Revista de Derecho of the Universidad del Norte, Colombia.

Awards (6)

March 27, 2019

Winner of the ReNEUAL Young Scholars Award 2019 by the ReNEUAL Steering Committee for the article G. Carullo, Strumenti di gestione del territorio e promozione della sostenibilità da parte dell’amministrazione digitale, in Ambiente e Diritto, 2018, 9, 1-19.

December 5, 2014

Admission to the League of European Research Universities (LERU) - phD exhange scheme for conducting research activities in March 2015 at the Universitat de Barcelona, ​​Spain.

March 20, 2012

Selected as a speaker at the 7ème rencontre franco-allemande de jeunes chercheurs en droit public comparé at the Université Paris I for the presentation of the themes of the doctoral thesis and related discussion to follow (see below in congresses, conferences and seminars).

November 23, 2011

Awarded the only grant for a three-year scholarship in the PhD program in Legal Science, Administrative Law, at the University of Milan.

July 23, 2008

Admitted in first place in the double degree program between the University of Bologna and King’s College of London.

March 27, 2007

Admitted in first place, with scholarship, to the Erasmus program activated at the University of Bologna for exchange at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona (ay 2007/2008).

Academic appointments (13)

2024 – present

Deputy coordinator of the PhD in International and Public Law, Ethics and Economics for Sustainable Development – LEES of the Department of Italian and Supranational Public Law of the University of Milan.

2023 – May 2026

Head of the Open Science Commission of the Department of Italian and Supranational Public Law of the University of Milan.

June 1, 2022 – present

Associate Professor of Administrative Law, University of Milan. Since 1 October 2026, affiliated with the Department of Social and Political Sciences.

2022 – September 2026

Head of the Joint Commission of the degree course in Sustainable Development of the University of Milan.

2021 – present

Member of the Academic Board for the PhD in International and Public Law, Ethics and Economics for Sustainable Development – LEES of the Department of Italian and Supranational Public Law of the University of Milan.

2021 – 2023

In charge at the Department of Italian and Supranational Public Law of the University of Milan of the evaluation of the equivalences of the exam programs taken by students during Erasmus exchanges for the scientific disciplinary sector IUS/10, Administrative Law.

June 2020

Member of the Commission in charge of selecting candidates for the assignment of two teaching contracts (IUS/10) at the University of Milan.

2020 – present

Internship tutor in the degree course in Scienze dei Servizi Giuridici of the University of Milan, in relation to the specialization in Operatore giuridico nella Pubblica Amministrazione.

2020 – 2022

Member of the Joint Commission of the degree course in Sustainable Development of the University of Milan.

2019 – present

Member of the steering committee of the Centro di Ricerca Interdisciplinare sul Diritto delle Amministrazioni Pubbliche (CERIDAP) [Interdisciplinary Research Center on Public Administrations’ Law], of the University of Milan.

2019 – 2021

Member of the Academic Board for the PhD in Public, Italian and European Law of the Department of Italian and Supranational Public Law of the University of Milan.

2017 – 2023

Member of the Open Access Commission of the Department of Italian and Supranational Public Law of the University of Milan.

2017 – 2019

Tutor in Administrative Law and Administrative Justice in the degree in Law of the University of Milan.

Previous academic positions (6)

June 1, 2019 – May 31, 2022

Senior lecturer in Administrative Law (RTDB) in the Department of Italian and Supranational Public Law, University of Milan, Italy.

2018/2019

Adjunct professor, University of Milan. Teaching: Diritto dell’amministrazione digitale [Digital administration law] in the degree course in Administrations and Public Policies.

March 1, 2017 – February 28, 2019

Research fellow, University of Milan, within the research project Public administration in light of recent reforms, in particular with regard to the tools of digitization of the Public Administration.

2016-2019

Adjunct professor, University of Milan. Teaching: The Role of Public Administration in Enhancing Equitable and Sustainable Development, in the degree course in Sustainable Development.

2016-2019

Adjunct professor, University of Milan. Teaching: US administrative law in the degree course course in Law.

September 1, 2015 – February 28, 2017

Research fellow, University of Milan, within the research project PRIN 2012 (2012SAM3KM) on the Codification of Procedures of the European Union.

Professional experience and projects (13)

2022 – present

Lawyer, Studio Carullo. Administrative litigation and legal advice.

2022 – present

General Counsel of Akiflow Inc. (USA).

2022 – present

Member of the Board of Directors of Akiflow Inc., a US company selected for Y Combinator’s accelerator programme in 2020.

2022 – present

Software development at Akiflow Inc.

2019

Founding member of Bai.G Research Center, a research initiative on blockchain, smart contracts and artificial intelligence. The centre carried out the first capital increase using crypto-assets in Europe and organised Blockchain, Law and Governance (Milan, 2019), which led to the 2020 Springer volume co-edited with Benedetta Cappiello.

2018 – 2021

Co-creator and technical lead of BOHR, a research experiment in blockchain-certified clinical data.

2018

Founding member of MindsettER, an association supporting the Emilia-Romagna startup ecosystem.

2017 – 2019

Creator and developer of AutoPrivacy, an experimental open-source project for GDPR compliance automation.

2012 – 2015

Barrister at Greco-Muscardini Law Firm (Milan).

2012 – 2016

Founder of Enoron, working with the team on the product’s technical development. A SaaS platform for lawyers, in 24 languages across seven platforms, with over 2,000 registered users in more than 70 countries. Capterra Top 20 for law practice management, UK SEIS advance assurance, Silicon Valley Mindset Program and Web Summit. The experience contributed to research on interoperability, digital services and data management.

2010 – 2012

Trainee at Greco-Muscardini Law Firm (Milan).

2010

Trainee at Bonelli Erede Pappalardo Law Firm (Milan).

2009

Internship at Carnelutti Law Firm (Milan).

Professional qualifications (6)

2025

Admission to the special list of University Professors of the Milan Bar Association.

March 22, 2024

Admission to the special register of lawyers entitled to practise before the Court of Cassation and the other higher courts.

July 24, 2019

Admission to the special list of University Professors of the Bologna Bar Association.

December 3, 2012

Admission to the Bologna Bar Association.

December 1, 2010

Admission as a trainee qualified to act as attorney to the Bologna Bar Association.

October 15, 2009

Admission as a trainee to the Bologna Bar Association.

Education (4)

2011 – 2014

Ph.D., University of Milan
Ph.D. in Law, Administrative Law - Cycle XXVII
Field of research: organizational autonomy of Member States and European competition principles
Tutor: Prof. Diana-Urania Galetta.

2008 – 2009

LLM, King’s College London
Master of Laws in Law (LLM) - Specialisation in Competition Law
Project promoted by the University of Bologna, ranked first on the list for admission to courses
Courses attended: EC Competition Law, Competition Law and Regulated Network Industries, State Aid and State Regulation Law
Topic of the Final Dissertation: "Unbundling in the Electricity Sector" - field: Competition Law - Coordinator Peter Alexiadis
Final rating: Merit.

2007 – 2008

Erasmus, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
Attendance of Spanish courses within the program Erasmus
Courses attended: Constitutional Law (I and II), Administrative Law (I and II), Commercial Law (I).

2004 – 2009

Law degree, University of Bologna
Degree in Law
Subject of thesis: Disciplina amministrativa dell’energia elettrica e del gas nel Regno Unito e in Italia (Administrative Rules of electricity and gas in the United Kingdom and Italy) - field: Administrative Law - Prof. Giuseppe Caia
Final grade: 110 cum laude.

Languages

Italian: mother tongue; English: fluent; Spanish: fluent; French: good.

National scientific habilitation (2)

June 9, 2023

Achievement of the National Scientific Habilitation (full professor) for the sector 12/D1 - Administrative Law, scientific disciplinary sector IUS/10 - Administrative Law.

September 20, 2018

Achievement of the National Scientific Habilitation for the sector 12/D1 - Administrative Law, scientific disciplinary sector IUS/10 - Administrative Law.

Open source (9)

2026

Zotero Journal Crawler — Keeps a Zotero library up to date with new issues of the journals you follow, pulling metadata and PDFs from OJS and MDPI platforms and via OAI-PMH and Crossref, with no manual entry. Stack: JavaScript / SQLite.

2023

Zotero Semantic Search — Searches the PDFs in a Zotero library by meaning rather than by keyword: a question in Italian also finds passages in English or German. Models run locally, so no document leaves the computer, and an MCP server lets any AI assistants query the library. Born from the AI & Institutions project. Stack: JavaScript / Rust / WebAssembly.

2022

licenses-verifier — A legal problem solved in code: it checks that every dependency carries a compatible licence and stops the CI pipeline as soon as an unapproved one appears, before it reaches production. Developed as part of the Akiflow project. Stack: TypeScript.

2021

electron-panel-window — A native Electron module that turns windows into macOS panels: floating windows that open over any app without stealing focus. I maintain Akiflow’s version, keeping it current with recent Electron releases. Developed as part of the Akiflow project. Stack: TypeScript / Objective-C++.

2021

DOI Creator — Assigns a DOI to every article published with WordPress and registers it with DataCite, with Crossref support in beta. A feature that usually requires a dedicated publishing platform, reduced to a plugin. Listed in the official WordPress.org directory, it is the tool CERIDAP uses to register DOIs for its articles. Born from the CERIDAP · Journal project. Stack: PHP / WordPress.

2021

tlds-list — A typed, up-to-date list of IANA top-level domains, used to recognise links and email addresses in text. I rewrote version 2 in TypeScript, with named exports and tree-shaking. Developed as part of the Akiflow project. Stack: TypeScript.

2020

YASSB — A static site generator in TypeScript, written to be read by AI coding agents too: content lives in JSON, each HTML page declares what it shows and a typed function renders the markup, in every language of the site. From the command line an agent gets a map of the site, the manual for the installed version and a check that reports every error with file and line. Version 2.0 went from 26 to 5 dependencies and builds 2.6 times faster. It powers this site. Born from the BOHR project. Stack: TypeScript / Node.js / Bun.

2020

changelog-flow — A CLI that turns releasing into a procedure: feature and release branches, semantic versioning and a Keep a Changelog CHANGELOG, with nothing left to memory. It works with GitFlow or a single main branch, has no dependencies and pushes everything in one go. It is built for AI agents too: it never waits for input and, when something is missing, says what to do and which command to run next, including the user’s approval of the changelog. Born from the BOHR project. Stack: TypeScript / Node.js / Bun.

2017

ngxstaticgenerator — Pre-rendered Angular Universal apps into static HTML before Angular shipped official prerendering. Used for Enoron’s landing pages. Born from the Enoron project. Stack: TypeScript / Node.js.

Doctoral supervision (3)

2025 – 2028

Doctoral supervision: E. Silva.

2024 – 2027

Doctoral supervision: A. Polgorodnik.

2018 – 2021

Doctoral supervision: V. Danzi.

Projects for public institutions (2)

2020

CERIDAP project for UNIMI rules on fully online recruitment procedures.

2020

CERIDAP project to digitalise amendments in the Milan City Council.